005). The nasofacial proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (33%) followed by the orbito-nasal (30%), the orbital proportion (25%) and the naso-oral proportion (17%) in the female. Considering the male, the orbital proportion has been found to include the most proportional subjects (23%) followed by the orbito-nasal proportion (21%), naso-facial proportion (19%) and the naso-oral proportion (17% (Folia Morphol 2016; 75, 4: 512-517)

This study presents the basic data for studies relative to newborn's brain volume fractions according to two methods. Stereological (point-counting) estimation may be accepted a beneficial and new tool for neurological evaluation in vivo research of the brain. Based on these techniques we introduce here, the clinician may evaluate the growth of the brain in a more efficient and precise manner.

Giriş İnsan beyni yaklaşık 1400 gr kadar olup, tüm vücut ağırlığının %2'si kadardır. Yenidoğanda bu oran %10'a kadar çıkmaktadır (1, 2). Yenidoğan beyni erişkin beyninin 1/3-1/4'ü kadardır (3). İnsanda beyin gelişim süreci embriyonal dönemde başlar ve yaklaşık 15 yıl boyunca sürer. Büyüme oranı intrauterin yaşamda ve ilk postnatal aylarda oldukça hızlıdır (4). Son yirmi yılda yapılan çalışmalarda genç erişkin beyninin toplam hacminin yaklaşık olarak %90 kadarının 5 yaşına kadar kazanıldığı belirtilmiştir. Total beyin hacmin maksimuma ulaşması erken adölesan dönemde olmaktadır (5). Beyin hacmi birçok hastalık için gerek çocuklarda gerek yetişkinlerde önemlidir. Otizm, hiperaktivite bozukluğu, şizofreni, multiple skleroz, epilepsi, preterm doğum, fragile X sendromu, tourette sendromu ve ileri yaşlarda da Alzheimer gibi birçok hastalıkta yapılan çalışmalarda beyin hacmindeki değişimler vurgulanmaktadır (6, 7). Gelişim döneminde oluşan herhangi bir problem sinir sisteminde kalıcı hasarlara yol açabilir. Özellikle epilepsi, şizofreni, Williams sendromu ve kortikal gelişimsel malformasyonlar gibi bazı nörolojik hastalıklarda beyin yüzey alandaki değişiklikler de önemli olabilmektedir (7-11). Beyin fonksiyonlarının incelenmesinde hacim ve yüzey alanı önemli veriler olarak kullanılmaktadır. Stereolojik olarak Cavalieri prensibi ile noktalı alan ölçüm cetveli kullanarak hacim hesaplaması ve vertical section (dikey kesit) tekniği ile sikloid sonda kullanılarak yüzey alanı hesaplaması tarafsız olarak yapılabilmektedir (12). Bu teknikte Objective: In this study, normal values of the newborn brain's volume and surface area were calculated for the early diagnosis of disease related to the central nervous system which may develop in newborns. Materials and Methods: In this study we investigated MRI images of 5 newborn cadavers. Stereologic measurements were performed to calculate the volume and surface area of the brain. We used Archimedes principle as a gold standard and the point counting method as a stereologic method for volume estimation of the newborn brains. Cycloid probe was superimposed on images,which were obtained by using the vertical section method, for suface area estimation of the brain and then results were obtained. Results: We estimated the mean cerebral volume as 246±79.4 cm 3 and 256±71.1cm 3 , by the point counting technique and gold standard, respectively. We estimated cerebral surface area using the vertical section method in 4 orientations, the results were 210±41, 202±36.4 cm 2 , 267±41 cm 2 and 293±52.6 cm 2 two post processing, coronal and sagittal planes, respectively. Conclusion: We consider that our study will be a good source for similar studies performed in future.

The anatomy is the first step in medical education. Education of terminology is the base of anatomy lesson. The science of anatomy possesses very rich terminological knowledge. The basis of this terminology is based on words which originate from the Latin and Greek. Those terms were published as a list in Terminologia Anatomica (TA). TA, published in 1998 by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology, was scanned to determine the names of vegetable origin. Turkish meanings of these names were detected from various dictionaries. We have determined 7537 anatomical terms in TA which defined the structures of human body. These names divided in two grups. Whether the first group names (13 names) were reminded directly by plant, the second group names (12 names) were not reminded directly by plant names but their origins were based on plant origin. We examined how often these names are repeated in TA. We determined that these names repeated in 647 times. The ratio of names which based on plant origin was 7,4% in total terms of TA. If we determine these plant origin names in anatomic terms and explain them to student with knowing the meaning of these names, we may contribute the better understanding of anatomy.

No abstract

Tennis which is a sport branch forcing technical, tactical, physiological and psychological capabilities of human is one of the best sports branches. ‚Sports Injuries‛ is referred to every kind of damage occurring during sportive activities. Several factors are involved in sports injuries including age, quality of the material used, weather, lighting, court, hall, component, physical condition of the athlete etc. In addition, psychological factor have also been stated to play a role in sports injuries. The study was performed with a questionnaire conducted on 86 elite male tennis players who were playing in Ankara, Konya and Istanbul regions at 1990-1991 season of Turkey Tennis Classification League. In study, 47 players have exposed to injury, while 39 have not. Rates of injuries were found to be higher in the shoulder, elbow, knee and ankle regions compared to the other parts of the body. In conclusion, in this study we found that the incidence of injury was 54.65% among male tennis player. In addition, our findings indicated that stressful events experienced by the tennis players were also effective on injuries.