Although not providing a functional improvement, polyethylene glycol-fusion slowed down demyelination.

ObjectiveTo analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elbow area to quantify the presence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle.MethodsA total of 232 exams were analyzed; 218 were included, of which 141 were of men and 77, women.ResultsPresence of the muscle was observed in 29 cases (13.3%), demonstrating that the presence of this muscle on images does not have a statistical correlation with the gender or age of the individual.ConclusionThe prevalence of the anconeus epitrochlearis muscle is variable, without a pattern of normality.

The clinical and surgical importance of anatomical knowledge of the musculocutaneous nerve and its variations is due to the fact that one of the complications in many upper-limb surgical procedures involves injury to this nerve. During routine dissection of the right upper limb of a male cadaver, we observed an anatomical variation of this nerve. The musculocutaneous nerve originated in the lateral cord and continued laterally, passing under the coracobrachialis muscle and then continuing until its first branch to the biceps brachialis muscle. Just after this, it supplied another two branches, i.e. the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and a branch to the brachialis muscle, and then it joined the median nerve. The median nerve followed the arm medially to the region of the cubital fossa and then gave rise to the anterior intermediate nerve of the forearm. The union between the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve occurred approximately at the midpoint of the arm and the median nerve. Given that either our example is not covered by the classifications found in the literature or that it fits into more than one variation proposed, without us finding something truly similar, we consider this variation to be rare.

Introduction The ideal animal model for nerve regeneration studies is the object of controversy, because all models described by the literature have advantages and disadvantages. Objective To describe the histologic and functional patterns of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of Wistar rats to create a new experimental model of facial nerve regeneration. Methods Forty-two male rats were submitted to a nerve conduction test of the mandibular branch to obtain the compound muscle action potential. Twelve of these rats had the mandibular branch surgically removed and submitted to histologic analysis (number, partial density, and axonal diameter) of the proximal and distal segments. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the functional and histologic variables studied. Conclusion These new histologic and functional standards of the mandibular branch of the facial nerve of rats establish an objective, easy, and greatly reproducible model for future facial nerve regeneration studies.

The use of hearts from different animals as models in the experimental pharmacology and surgical clinic has led, in recent years, to an increase on interest of research with this organ. The heart’s conducting system, from the septomarginal trabecula, presents several variations, which generates numerous controversies in the literature. So, the objective of the present study is to analyse the morphology of the septomarginal trabecula of bovine hearts, identifying possible macro‐ and microscopic variations. Thirty‐four bovine hearts were analysed. Each trabecula was analysed macroscopically to obtain an anatomical description and measurements of its length and thickness. For histological and morphometric analysis, the samples were fixed in Bouin’s solution and then subjected to histological processing. In all the analysed bovine hearts, the septomarginal trabecula presented itself as a smooth, tubular meaty structure of muscular consistency, with variable length and diameter. The anatomical variations observed included a trabecula with forked marginal fixation, and single septal fixation, in addition to a trabecula with extremely reduced or excessively thick caliber. The septomarginal trabecula consists of cardiac muscle fibres, connective tissue, vascular tissue and conduction myofibrils or Purkinje fibres. In the samples of smaller thicknesses, there was a predominance of connective tissue and scarce cardiac muscle tissue, whereas in the thicker samples the predominance was of cardiac striated muscle tissue. Therefore, there are significant macro‐ and microscopic differences between the bovine septomarginal trabecula concerning their diameter and constituent tissue, and that can lead to possible changes in cardiac physiology.

Objective To analyze the variations in the angle basal sphenoid skulls of adult humans and their relationship to sex, age, ethnicity and cranial index.Methods The angles were measured in 160 skulls belonging to the Museum of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo Department of Morphology. We use two flexible rules and a goniometer, having as reference points for the first rule the posterior end of the ethmoidal crest and dorsum of the sella turcica, and for the second rule the anterior margin of the foramen magnum and clivus, measuring the angle at the intersection of two.Results The average angle was 115.41°, with no statistical correlation between the value of the angle and sex or age. A statistical correlation was noted between the value of the angle and ethnicity, and between the angle and the horizontal cranial index.Conclusions The distribution of the angle basal sphenoid was the same in sex, and there was correlation between the angle and ethnicity, being the proportion of non-white individuals with an angle >125° significantly higher than that of whites with an angle >125°. There was correlation between the angle and the cranial index, because skulls with higher cranial index tend to have higher basiesfenoidal angle too.

Introduction: The pterion is an anatomical region located in the temporal fossa between frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones. In the literature, we observed that the pterion can suffer many anatomical variations which depend on several factors, such as gender and ethnicity, and its form can vary in relation to the skull side. Objectives: To study and analyze the variations that can occur in the pterion, related to the type and symmetry, in relation to gender, age, side of the skull and ethnicity. Materials and Methods: We examined 55 skulls of both sexes belonging to the Department of Skulls Museum of Anatomy Descriptive and Topographic UNIFESP. The Pterions were outlined with pencil on tracing paper and from this drawing and the information of each skull perform our analysis. Results: In our sample, the pterion types vary as follows: sphenoparietal (90%), frontotemporal (4.54%), epiteric (3.64%) and stellate (1.82%). The most common types of female skulls were sphenoparietal (85%), and the least common types were stellate (2.5%). For the male skulls, the most common types were sphenoparietal (92.86%), and the least common types were stellate (1.43%). For the skull of white subjects, the most common types were sphenoparietal (98.08%), and the least common types were frontoparietal (1.92%). For the skull of non-white subjects, the most common types were sphenoparietal (82.75%), and the least common types were stellate (3.45%). Conclusion: We concluded that the most common pterions found in the entire sample were the sphenoparietal being predominant in sex, ethnicity, and side but there are variations in relation to the least common pterion types taking into consideration side, sex, and ethnicity.

The authors report a case of Parinaud syndrome (conjunctivitis with pre-auricular satellite adenitis) caused by Bartonella henselae, the etiologic agent of Cat Scratch Disease. The etiologic assessment of this case was performed by serum indirect immunofluorescence reaction and allowed for a better therapeutics and follow up, avoiding ineffective antibiotics and surgical interventions.