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Surf-lifeguards are able to deliver good-quality CPR even on a moving IRB, but their performance is lower than onshore. This fact should be considered in real cases to balance the risk and benefits of CPR on board.

Training schoolchildren in basic life support (BLS) is strongly recommended to effectively increase bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) rates. Paediatricians and other health staff members used to be involved in BLS training, but the wide dissemination of BLS skills would need additional support; as a solution, schoolteachers might have enough knowledge necessary to help to achieve this goal. The aim of this cross-sectional survey study, which involved 3423 schoolteachers, was to evaluate the knowledge related to first aid (FA) and BLS of schoolteachers in Spain. In addition, the study aimed to evaluate the content taught to the schoolchildren regarding FA and teachers' attitudes towards teaching FA. Threequarters of the surveyed schoolteachers reported knowing FA, and 17% reported teaching it. The emergency medical telephone number and CPR were the subjects taught most often by schoolteachers. However, the schoolteachers demonstrated a lack of knowledge in the identification of cardiac arrest and in CPR. Ninetyeight percent of the respondents agreed with including FA training in schools and as part of university degree programmes and supported the KIDS SAVE LIVES-statement. Teaching FA was a positive predictor to be willing to perform CPR (OR: 1.7; 95% CI 1.32-2.31) and to use a defibrillator (OR: 1.4; 95% CI 1.10-1.67).Conclusions: Schoolteachers are willing to teach FA in schools. However, more training and specific curricula are needed to increase the quality of schoolchildren's CPR training. The training of schoolteachers in CPR might be the foundation for the sustainable transfer of CPR-related knowledge to schoolchildren.Therefore, the inclusion of FA and BLS in university degree programmes seems to be essential.

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A b s t r a c tBackground: Providing high-quality chest compressions and rescue breaths are key elements in the effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Aim:To investigate the effects of a strength training programme on the quality of prolonged basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a manikin. Methods:This was a quasi-experimental trial. Thirty-nine participants with prior basic life support knowledge were randomised to an experimental or control group. They then performed a test of 10 min of chest compressions and mouth-to-mouth ventilation on manikins equipped with a skill reporter tool (baseline or test 1). The experimental group participated in a four-week strength training programme focused on the muscles involved in chest compressions. Both groups were subsequently tested again (test 2).Results: After training, the experimental group significantly increased the mean depth of compression (53.7 ± 2.3 mm vs. 49.9 ± 5.9 mm; p = 0.003) and the correct compression fraction (68.2 ± 21.0% vs. 46.4 ± 29.1%; p = 0.004). Trained subjects maintained chest compression quality over time better than the control group. The mean tidal volume delivered was higher in the experimental than in the control group (701.5 ± 187.0 mL vs. 584.8 ± 113.6 mL; p = 0.040) and above the current resuscitation guidelines. In test 2, the percentage of rescue breaths with excessive volume was higher in the experimental group than in the controls (31.5 ± 19.6% vs. 15.6 ± 13.0%; p = 0.007). Conclusions:A simple strength training programme has a significant impact on the quality of chest compressions and its maintenance over time. Additional training is needed to avoid over-ventilation of potential patients.

Health-related quality of life, teachers’ opinion of academic performance and self-perceived health are indicators of well-being in the adolescent stage. Some variables, such as those related to the quality of family and parental relationships, may influence these indicators and thus condition well-being during this stage of life and beyond. In this research, the aforementioned variables are analyzed jointly. It is a cross-sectional study in which 1375 adolescent schoolchildren between 11 and 18 years of age participated. Different instruments such as KIDSCREEN-10 and the questionnaire used in the international study Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children were used. The results obtained allow us to conclude that HRQoL, the teacher’s opinion of performance and the perception of health status improve as adolescents perceive a more favorable family climate, also helped by good relations between parents. Finally, it is proposed to continue with the efforts made in the school, family environment and other areas because of the enormous potential for generating quality of life in the adolescent stage and the consequent positive repercussions this has on adulthood.

Título: Influencia de la actividad física en la autoestima y riesgo de dependencia en personas mayores activas y sedentarias. Resumen: El objetivo del estudio fue conocer cómo influye la práctica de actividad física en la autoestima y en el nivel de riesgo dependencia de las personas mayores, diferenciándose entre el grupo control (sedentarios) y grupo experimental (activos). Participaron 168 personas mayores de 65 años, de las cuales 84 personas fueron catalogadas como activas y las 84 restantes fueron completamente sedentarias. Para analizar la autoestima se ha utilizado la Escala de Autoestima Personal de Rosenberg y para evaluar el riesgo de dependencia se utilizó el test de Barber. La autoestima positiva es más elevada en las personas activas (GE: 3.25±.45 vs. GC: 3.14±.47) y la negativa superior en el grupo de sedentarios (GC: 2.23±.48 vs. GE: 2.20±.52). Existen diferencias significativas (p ≤ .001) entre los sujetos del GC (2.93±1.67) y los del GE (1.65±1.03), evidenciando estos últimos un menor riesgo de dependencia. Se encontró una positiva entre la práctica de actividad física y la autoestima positiva (r =.244; p ≤ .01), así como entre la práctica de actividad física y el índice Barber (r = -.425; p ≤ .001). En conclusión, se debe fomentar la práctica regular de actividad física para mejorar el nivel de autoestima y minimizar el riesgo de dependencia en personas mayores. Palabras clave: actividad física; programa físico-deportivo; autoestima; dependencia; personas mayores. Abstract:The objective of the study was to know how the practice of physical activity influences self-esteem and the level of risk dependence in old age, differentiating between the control group (sedentary) and experimental group (active). Participants were 168 people over 65 years of age, 84 of whom were classified as active and the remaining 84 were completely sedentary. To analyze self-esteem, Rosenberg's Personal Self-Esteem Scale was used whereas Barber's helped to assess the risk of dependence. Positive self-esteem is higher in the active (GE: 3.25 ± .45 vs. GC: 3.14 ± .47) but negative in the sedentary group (GC: 2.23 ± .48 vs. GE: 2.20 ± .52). There were significant differences (p ≤ .001) between the subjects of the CG (2.93 ± 1.67) and those of the EG (1.65 ± 1.03), with the latter showing a lower risk of dependence. There was a positive association between physical activity and positive self-esteem (r = .244; p ≤ .01), as well as between physical activity and the Barber index (r = -.425; p ≤ .001). In conclusion, regular physical activity should be encouraged to improve the level of self-esteem and minimize the risk of dependence on older people.