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This paper examines the effects of globalization on the distribution of worker-specific labor taxes using a unique set of tax calculators. We find a differential effect of higher trade and factor mobility on relative tax burdens in

72 CommuniCations of th e aC m | au g uST 2 0 1 1 | vo l . 5 4 | n o. 8 contributed articlesIllustratIoN by NaNet te hoo gsl ag sch Olars Kn Ow t h at diversity of thought produces better and faster solutions to complex problems. 20 For this reason, as well as other practical and ethical reasons, the computing disciplines strive to improve women's representation in the field. 5 These efforts often concentrate on piquing the interest of young girls and college students but less often on women's engagement as leaders and problem solvers. Here, we address an aspect of women's leadership by measuring trends and influences on women's authorship of computing-conference papers. Our findings contribute to knowledge about the conditions that promote gender diversity in this important aspect of the intellectual life of the field.Analyzing data from ACM-affiliated conferences reveals several trends: ˲ ˲ Women's authorship increased from 7% in 1967 to 27% in 2009; ˲ ˲ Relative to their representation in the likely pool of ACM conferencepaper authors, women were especially productive, with each potential woman author writing on average one more paper per year than the potential men authors; ˲ ˲ The increase in women's share of papers was due in part to their increased numbers in the community of potential authors, as well as general trends in academic publishing 13 ; and ˲ ˲ Women's share of papers at various conferences in any given year varied by conference topic, and to a much lesser extent by paper-acceptance rates; conference size had no notable effect on women's authorship.We collected and mined data from more than 3,000 ACM-affiliated conferences, workshops, symposia, and forums, 1966-2009, providing evidence of women's increased contribution to this form of professional engagement and contribution to computing. Using custom software called Genderyzer a,15 we identified gender for 90% of the 356,703 authors who published papers for ACM events 1966-2009. b Summary results outlined in Figure 1 show that over the past 43 years, women comprised 22% of all authors whose gender was ascertainable. From 1966 to 2009, women went from a Created by author Kaye while a student at Cornell University and an employee of Nokia; http://genderyzer.com b Details on software accuracy, which we believe to be the first tests of such accuracy, are discussed in the section on methods. key insightsWomen's authorship increased from 7% in 1967 to 27% in 2009.Relative to representation among likely aCm conference-paper authors, women were more productive than men.the increase in women's share of papers was due to their increased numbers among potential authors and to general trends in academic publishing.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. A Tale of Two Tails: Productivity Distribution and the Gains from Trade Abstract I use firm-level data to show that neither the Log-normal nor the Pareto distribution can approximate the shape of the productivity distribution along the entire support. While the former underpredicts the thickness of the right tail, the latter does not capture the shape of the left one. Using empirical distribution as a benchmark, I show that such inaccuracies lead to sizable errors in the estimates of the gains from trade in models featuring firm selection. I propose using a mixed distribution which models the left tail as Log-normal and right tail as Pareto and produces negligible errors in quantitative analysis. JEL-Codes: F100, F120. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may

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