Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients may be at increased risk of Covid-19 mortality due to the nature of their disease or underlying conditions. Method The information of 12909 Covid-19 patients who were hospitalized during the last eleven months were collected from the data depository of two referral universityhospitals. Eighty-seven of these patients were diagnosed with PD, and thirty-one of these PD patients died because of Covid-19. 2132 other deaths occurred in these centers, related to Covid-19 of non-PD patients. Fisher exact test, Chi-square test, and Principle component analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results The mortality among PD patients and other hospitalized patients was 35.6% and 19.8%, respectively, and the difference between the mortality of these two groups was found to be statistically significant (p-value<0.01). The mean age of PD patients who passed away was 77.06±7.46, and it was not significantly different from that of alive PD patients (p-value>0.05). Alzheimer's disease as an underlying condition was more frequent in deceased PD patients in comparison to survived PD patients, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p-value<0.01). Conclusion PD patients possess a higher rate of Covid-19 mortality in comparison with other patients hospitalized for Covid-19. PD pathophysiology, advanced age, and underlying conditions may play an essential role in such an outcome.
Organic dots is a term used to represent materials including graphene quantum dots and carbon quantum dots because they rely on the presence of other atoms (O, H, and N) for their photoluminescence or fluorescence properties. Cargo delivery, bio-imaging, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy are major biomedical applications of organic dots.
The field of theranostics has been rapidly growing in recent years and nanotechnology has played a major role in this growth. Nanomaterials can be constructed to respond to a variety of different stimuli which can be internal (enzyme activity, redox potential, pH changes, temperature changes) or external (light, heat, magnetic fields, ultrasound). Theranostic nanomaterials can respond by producing an imaging signal and/or a therapeutic effect, which frequently involves cell death. Since ultrasound (US) is already well established as a clinical imaging modality, it is attractive to combine it with rationally designed nanoparticles for theranostics. The mechanisms of US interactions include cavitation microbubbles (MBs), acoustic droplet vaporization, acoustic radiation force, localized thermal effects, reactive oxygen species generation, sonoluminescence, and sonoporation. These effects can result in the release of encapsulated drugs or genes at the site of interest as well as cell death and considerable image enhancement. The present review discusses US-responsive theranostic nanomaterials under the following categories: MBs, micelles, liposomes (conventional and echogenic), niosomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanocapsules, dendrimers, hydrogels, nanogels, gold nanoparticles, titania nanostructures, carbon nanostructures, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, fuel-free nano/micromotors.
Objetivos: la COVID-19 ha afectado a toda la población, especialmente a aquellos con enfermedades crónicas, incluyendo a los pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson (EP). La COVID-19 puede empeorar tanto los signos motores como los síntomas neuropsiquiátricos de los pacientes con EP. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar diferentes aspectos del impacto de la COVID-19 en los pacientes con EP. Métodos: se evaluaron a través de un cuestionario virtual a 647 pacientes con EP de acuerdo a sus presentaciones clínicas relacionadas con la EP y con la COVID-19 además de la historia médica previa durante la pandemia. Se compararon con un grupo de controles sanos de la misma edad que constaba de 673 individuos y una muestra de la población general de 1215 individuos. Resultados: la prevalencia de la COVID-19 en pacientes con EP fue del 11,28%. La mortalidad fue del 1,23% entre los pacientes con EP. La prevalencia de COVID-19 en pacientes con EP con estimulación cerebral profunda fue del 18,18%. No se encontró una asociación significativa entre la duración de la enfermedad y la prevalencia de COVID-19. Se halló una prevalencia mayor de COVID-19 que fue estadísticamente significativa en pacientes con EP que tuvieron contacto directo con personas infectadas con SARS-CoV-19. No se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el empeoramiento de los signos motores y la COVID-19. Los pacientes con EP y la población general podrían diferir en la prevalencia de algunos trastornos psicológicos, incluidos los trastornos de ansiedad y del sueño, y la COVID-19 podría afectar al estado psicológico. Conclusión: los pacientes con EP posiblemente sigan protocolos preventivos más estrictos, lo que conduce a una menor prevalencia y gravedad de COVID-19 y de sus consecuencias en estos pacientes. Aunque parece que la COVID-19 no afecta los aspectos motores y psicológicos de la EP tanto como se esperaba, se sugiere la realización de evaluaciones más precisas para aclarar tales efectos.
A novel coronavirus, the so-called "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)," caused the ongoing pandemic, which was initially identified in Wuhan, China. 1 Undefined rates of asymptomatic infections have raised concerns about a possibly high frequency of undiagnosed infections of SARS-CoV-2. 2 The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is yet to be determined. 3 Studies showed diverse prevalence and outcomes among PD patients. 4,5 Assessing a precise approximation of the prevalence of COVID-19 necessitates testing antibodies in people who are not symptomatic. 6 Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among PD patients who did not have the symptomatic infection.The Iran National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Researches approved this cross-sectional, case-control study (IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1399.035). All PD patients who had a Comparison between PD and control subgroups.
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