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Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 had been found increase after exposure to the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, whereas no or minimal change had been found in the level of IL-17F, Ig-G, and IFN-γ. The various cytokines and immunoglobulins shown in this study do not prove a causal relationship, and the precise role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the regulation of atopic immune response warrants further investigation. Nevertheless, these findings may provide some critical key insight into the host responses following Porphyromonas gingivalis infection.

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans)

Background: Malocclusion is dentofacial growth deviation from its normal size and shape, thus causing abnormal occlusion. One of its etiology is heredity. Removable twin block, a functional appliance that can be used in interceptive orthodontic treatment, can be used to treat Class II malocclusion with large overjet in children during skeletal growth and development. Case: An 11-year-old boy came to pediatric dental specialist clinic with Class II division 1 Angle malocclusion (SNA 82°; SNB 74°; ANB 8°, CVM CS 4, overjet 14 mm, overbite 7 mm, and convex profile). Removable twin block for Class II malocclusion was chosen as the therapy. Case management: Removable twin block appliance with acrylic occlusal bite block was used on maxilla and mandible separately. An angle of 70° was made in the occlusal bite block, which was made based on the bite registration wax during centric occlusion. This device is used 24-hours a day. Monthly dental visit was done to reduce the maxillary and mandibular occlusal bite blocks. After 9 months, an overjet of 5 mm was obtained. Cephalometry calculations became SNA 82°; SNB 7 9 °; ANB 3 °. The patient was given further phase 2 treatment with fixed orthodontic appliance. Conclusion: With proper case selection and good patient cooperation, removable twin block appliance can correct skeletal malocclusion, improve facial profile, reduce overjet and overbite, and correct molar relations.

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) bacteria mainly cause dental caries in children. These bacteria are not considered oral indigenous bacteria since they are transmitted from people around children during their deciduous teeth eruption. The detection of these bacteria can be used for dental caries prevention in children. Purpose: To determine the strain and serotype of S. mutans by using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on dental plaque samples taken from mother-child pairs. Methods: Sixteen dental plaque samples of mother-child pairs were cultured on brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) and mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) media until S. mutans colony isolates were obtained. Next, the isolates of S. mutans colony were introduced into the target plates of MALDI-TOF MS, and then ionized to become peptide mass fingerprint (PMF). Afterwards, the colony isolates were detected by database software. The detected S. mutans DNA then was extracted by using conventional 727 bp PCR (serotype C). Results: Six strains of S. mutans were detected by MALDI-TOF MS method. Five samples were classified into UA159, two samples were 3SN1, two samples were NFSM1, two samples were 11A1, two samples were U138, two samples were 4SM1, and one sample was classified into another bacterium. Five out of 16 samples were detected by PCR as serotype C (UA159). Conclusion: Six strains of S. mutans were detected, namely UA159, 3SN1, NFSM1, 11A1, U138, and 4SM1, one of them (UA159) was detected as serotype C.

Daya antibakteri penambahan Propolis pada zinc oxide eugenol dan zinc oxide terhadap kuman campur gigi molar sulung non vital (The antibacterial effect of propolis additional to zinc oxide eugenol and zinc oxide on polybacteria of necrotic primary molar)

Background: Malocclusion is one of the most familiar dental problems, with a high prevalence among the population. Understanding the patient’s craniofacial growth and development is crucial in diagnosis, as are the planning and subsequent success of the treatment. Malocclusion needs to be treated early to optimise the outcome achieved by the treatment. One of the most common types of malocclusions observed in clinics is crowding. The craniofacial bone relevant to the treatment of crowding is the mandible, defined as the mandibular length from the condylion to gnathion areas. When planning treatment, clinicians may experience difficulties in determining the biological age of patient, particularly when supporting diagnostic tools are not available. The indicators of biological age can be observed by the assessment of bone maturation using the cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) method and by the analysis of tooth maturation using Demirjian’s method. However, limited studies are available regarding the accuracy of these methods as diagnostic tools. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the accuracy of the CVM method compared with Demirjian’s method concerning mandibular length growth. Methods: An analytic research method and a cross-sectional design are employed. The research sample comprised 50 lateral cephalometric and panoramic photos of children aged 8-16 years. Data were collected by analysing the maturity level of the cervical vertebrae and the teeth, and measuring the mandible length of the children in the photos. The statistical test used was the Wilcoxon test. Results: The results of the Wilcoxon test for the asymptotic sign had a p-value of 0.116 > 0.05, indicating no significant difference between the CVM and Demirjian methods. Conclusion: Both of the methods noted above yielded equally accurate results for determining mandibular length growth.