The purpose of this study was to investigate the intrafamilial distribution of mutans streptococci in Japanese families using chromosomal DNA fingerprinting with three endonucleases; EcoRI, HindIII and HaeIII. The analysis of 1,908 isolates cultured from the dental plaque of 76 subjects from 20 families (20 married couples and 36 of their children) resulted in the identification of 144 genotypes containing 114 strains of Streptococcus mutans (serotype c, 66.7%; e, 12.5%) and 30 strains of S. sobrinus (d, 13.2%; g, 7.6%). A mean of 1.89 genotypes (from one to four) was harbored in individual subjects, and a mean of 4.10 genotypes from two to seven was harbored in individual families. Among the 70 genotypes found in the children, 36 (51.4%) were in agreement with their mothers and 22 (31.4%) were in agreement with their fathers. The other genotypes (18.6%) did not correspond with the parents. Homologous strains between parents were found in only two couples. This result showed that fathers or others as well as mothers can be sources of transmission. Further, the serotype d, e and g strains showed significantly higher probabilities of transmission than serotype c.

Objective: To determine the extent of bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and the level of oral hygiene and caries prevalence among pregnant women. Material and Methods: Random samples of pregnant women attending eight public health centers were examined. Their periodontal and caries statuses were examined using the Community Periodontal Index, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index and DMF-T. The good criteria of OHI-S ranged from 0 to 1.2, the fair from 1.3 to 3.0 and the poor from 3.1 to 6.0. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Results: 84.7% had caries and the DMF-T index score was 4.34 (fair). 73% suffered gingival bleeding, 34% with 4-5 mm pocket depth, 2% with 6 mm or deeper pocket depth, while the majority had good oral hygiene. The prevalence of 4-5 mm probing pocket depth increased between the first and second trimesters (12.1% to 48.5%), before undergoing a slight decrease in the third trimester (39.4%). Gingival bleeding was found to be most prevalent in the third trimester. Pocket depth of 4-5 mm was found to be highest in the second trimester. Pocket depth of 6 mm or more was restricted to the third trimester. Oral hygiene scores increased in tandem with gestational age. Conclusion: The majority had caries, which strongly suggests that the awareness of the pregnant women regarding their oral hygiene remains limited.

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 had been found increase after exposure to the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, whereas no or minimal change had been found in the level of IL-17F, Ig-G, and IFN-γ. The various cytokines and immunoglobulins shown in this study do not prove a causal relationship, and the precise role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the regulation of atopic immune response warrants further investigation. Nevertheless, these findings may provide some critical key insight into the host responses following Porphyromonas gingivalis infection.

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It is common for women to undergo orthodontic treatment during pregnancy, especially through the use of fixed orthodontic devices. In changing the oral microbiome profile, it is crucial to increase the immune responses of pregnant women using fixed orthodontics; however, changes in the microbiomes of pregnant women with orthodontic appliances can be adjusted. Therefore, we aimed to conduct research on the oral cavity microbiome profiles, specifically IL-6 and TNF-α, of pregnant women using fixed orthodontic appliances. We proposed an observational analysis of 30 third-trimester pregnant women. OHI-S was recorded, saliva collection was performed using the passive drool method for IL-6 and TNF-α, and analysis and mucosal swabs were used to determine the oral microbiome profile. Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc Bonferroni tests were used to identify any significant differences with values of p < 0.05. Of these pregnant women, those with orthodontic appliances developed 10 types of bacteria at similar levels (>80%) from the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Veillonella. There was no difference between the oral microbiomes of the control group and the pregnant women with a history of orthodontic appliance use. While the level of TNF-α in the women with orthodontic appliances was higher compared with the control group who had never used orthodontic appliances (p < 0.05), there was no difference in the IL-6 levels. The IL-6 and microbiome profile produced normal results, so the use of orthodontic appliances during pregnancy should be allowed with conditions. Pregnant women with orthodontic appliances must keep the oral cavity clean and their appliances well-maintained to avoid oral problems.

Background: Cleft lip and palate is one of most common craniofacial anomalies. It is a congenital defect and can be resulted from genetic mutation, environment and multifactor causes. The problems of cleft lip and palate on baby complicate as poor feeding ability can lead to growth and development disturbances. Purpose: This article described the use of PSO in a 4-day old male neonate with unilateral cleft lip and palate and a 3- year old male child with soft and hard palate cleft, both with chief complaint of feeding difficulty. Case Management: Custom tray was used to deliver the alginate impression. The appliance was both fabricated using self-cured acrylic and with / without lip strapping. Discussion: Pre-surgical orthopedic appliances are most frequently provided by the pediatric dentist on cleft palate teams at most hospital-based programs. Conclusion: The PSO appliance could approximate the segments of the cleft maxilla by allowing spontaneous growth of palatal shelves prior to the reconstructive and definitive surgery.

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