Diploid Citrus × Poncirus hybrids have significantly contributed to citrus rootstock evaluation. In Türkiye, common sour orange rootstock is used in many different climates and soil conditions at almost 85% of citrus plantations, but this rootstock is susceptible to Citrus tristeza virus disease. This study was conducted to improve new rootstock genotypes by traditional hybridization. Common sour orange (CSO) and Common mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) (CM) were crossed with Troyer citrange (TC) while King mandarin (KM) was crossed with Carrizo citrange (CC). Embryos obtained from crosses were taken on 110, 120 and 130 days after artificial pollination (DAP), and were germinated on MT culture media. The embryos of 120 DAP of combinations had the highest germination rate within CSO×TC, 95.15%; CM×TC, 96.25%; KM×CC, 95.23%. The trifoliate rates for each combination at subculture (CSO×TC, 17.40%; CM×TC, 11.11%; KM×CC; 6.17%) were obtained from 110 DAP embryos. Survival rates of the genotypes were ranged between 72.13% and 90.28% in subculture and varied from 40.17% and 64.71% in the greenhouse. As a result of the ploidy analysis by flow cytometry, the nuclear DNA content of diploid genotypes were found between 0.78 pg/2C and 0.93 pg/2C. One of the genotypes derived from CM×TC hybridization on 120 DAP was determinated as a triploid plant.
Effects of rootstocks on fruit quality properties were investigated in these grapefruit varieties. Local sour orange and Troyer citrange affected similarly on the fruit quality of grapefruit cultivars. It could be suggested that these rootstocks could be recommended for grapefruit growing.
Many difficulties are exist in citrus breeding due to incompatibility, long juvenility, sterility and nucellar embryo. Zygotic embryo in the seeds of polyembryonic citrus cultivar is degenerated by nucellar embryos during embryo development. Accordingly, in vitro embryo culture is a useful tool in citrus breeding, since it assures embryo germination and development. In this study, Common mandarin x Carrizo citrange were crossed in order to produce new rootstock genotypes. Immature embryos were taken from fruit after 80, 100 and 120 pollination days to determine the suitable embryo rescue stage. Then, the embryos were germinated in Murashige and Tucker (MT) culture medium including 0, 0.5 and 1 mg l-1 GA3. According to the results, high germination rates were materialized as 100% and on 95% to taken embryos from 120 days after pollination (DAP) in supplemented with 1 mg l-1 GA3 and 0.5 mg l-1 GA3 in MT culture medium respectively. The embryos taken from 80 days after pollination did not germinate on MT medium without GA3 (control) and including with 0.5 mg l-1. Generally, the existence of GA3 on medium increased the ratio of germination compared to the control. The highest trifoliate ratio was determined as 33.33% at the embryos taken from 100 and 120 days after pollination and medium including 0.5 and 1 mg l-1 GA3 consecutively. The results have revealed that the optimal time for embryo rescue at citrus is 120 DAP and including GA3 in the medium increased embryo germination.
Turunçgiller ülkemiz için hem üretim ve hem de ihracat bakımından en önemli meyve gruplarından biridir. Turunçgiller içerisinde limonlar ihracat miktarı bakımından ilk sırada gelen türdür. Ülkemiz limon ihracatında İnterdonato, Lamas, Kütdiken ve Meyer çeşitleri önemli yer tutmaktadır. Limonların meyve kalite parametreleri ekolojiye göre farklılık göstermekle birlikte kullanılan anaç çeşitlerinin etkisi büyüktür. Ülkemizde limon yetiştiriciliğinde genellikle Yerli turunç anacı kullanılmaktır. Son zamanlarda Volkameriana (Citrus volkameriana Tan. ve Pasq.) ve Kaba limon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) gibi bazı anaçlar da limonlar için anaç olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Çalışmada, ülkemizde son yıllarda yetiştiriciliği yaygınlaşmakta olan Meyer, Limoneria 8A, BATEM Pınarı limon çeşitlerinin, Yerli turunç (Citrus aurantium L. var. “Yerli”), Carrizo sitranjı (Poncirus trifoliata Raf x Citrus sinensis Osb. var.. Carrizo), Volkameriana (Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq.) ve Kaba limon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), anaçlarında aşı tutma oranları yanında bu anaçlara ait çöğürlerin gelişimleri araştırılmıştır. Alınan verilere göre en yüksek gövde çapı ölçümü Volkameriana çeşidinde, en yüksek aşı tutma oranı; Meyer çeşidi için Kaba limon anacında (% 100), BATEM Pınarı çeşidi için Turunç ve Volkameriana anaçlarında (% 100), Limoneria 8A çeşidi için Kaba limon ve Turunç anaçlarında (% 95) belirlenmiştir.
Günümüzde dünyanın çeşitli yerlerinde turunçgillerde etkili olan 80’e yakın virüs hastalığı bulunmaktadır. Virüs hastalıkları turunçgil tarımı üzerinde pek çok olumsuz etkiye sahip olup, ekonomik turunçgil üretimini sınırlayıcı en önemli faktörlerden birisidir. Turunçgil yetiştiriciliği yapan birçok ülkede kendi koşullarına ve olanaklarına bağlı olarak virüs hastalıklarından temiz üretim materyali elde edilmesi için “Turunçgil Çeşit Geliştirme Programları" oluşturulmuştur. Dünyada belli başlı yürütülen bu programlar arasında Kaliforniya, İspanya, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, Avustralya, Brezilya, İtalya, Tayvan, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, Japonya, Fas, Arjantin, Endonezya, İsrail, Fransa ve Türkiye yer almaktadır. 1960’lı yıllardan itibaren ülkemizde virüs hastalıklarının yayılımı ile ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmaların sonuçları, ülkemizde verim düşüklüğünün başlıca nedenlerinden birisinin turunçgil bahçelerinde bu hastalıkların yaygın olarak bulunması olduğunu göstermiştir. Türkiye Turunçgil Çeşit Geliştirme Programına dahil olan bireyler sürgün ucu aşılama ve termoterapi ile arındırılmakta ve sonrasında biyolojik ve moleküler olarak testlenmektedir.
Citrus rootstock breeding is important to improve their resistance to diseases, pests and adverse environmental conditions. The majority of citrus species have nuceller embryony. Although Clementine mandarin is monoembryonic, in some cases (intercrossing etc.) abortive seed formation can be seen frequently. In this study, Clementine mandarin × Carrizo citrange were crossed. In the study, interspecies hybridization (Citrus × Poncirus) was used. Embryo rescue technique was used to prevent the loss of hybrid individuals due to abortive seed formation. The seeds were gathered from the crossed plants 80, 100, and 120 days after pollination. The immature embryos were removed from the seeds and these embryos were transferred to control, 0.5, and 1.0 mg l-1 GA3 containing medium to germination. The highest germination rate with 100% was observed from 1.0 mg l-1 GA3 containing media harvested 120 days after pollination. Additionally, the highest rate of trifoliate seedlings was obtained from embryos gathered after 120 days of the pollination.
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