Most of the fatal cases of mushroom poisoning are caused by Amanita phalloides. The amount of toxin in mushroom varies according to climate and environmental conditions. The aim of this study is to measure α-, β-, and γ-amanitin with phalloidin and phallacidin toxin concentrations. Six pieces of A. phalloides mushrooms were gathered from a wooded area of Düzce, Turkey, on November 23, 2011. The mushrooms were broken into pieces as spores, mycelium, pileus, gills, stipe, and volva. α-, β-, and γ-Amanitin with phalloidin and phallacidin were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. As a mobile phase, 50 mM ammonium acetate + acetonitrile (90 + 10, v/v) was used with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. C18 reverse phase column (150 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm particle) was used. The least amount of γ-amanitin toxins was found at the mycelium. The other toxins found to be in the least amount turned out to be the ones at the spores. The maximum amounts of amatoxins and phallotoxin were found at gills and pileus, respectively. In this study, the amount of toxin in the spores of A. phalloides was published for the first time, and this study is pioneering to deal with the amount of toxin in mushrooms grown in Turkey.

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The fungus Amanita phalloides is known to contain two main groups of toxins: amanitins and phallotoxins. The amanitins group effectively blocks the RNA polymerase II enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. As alpha amanitin has a lethal effect on the majority of eukaryotic cells, it can be valuable as an antiparasitic or antifungal drug. It can be used externally against ectoparasites. It is critical that percutaneous applications of the alpha amanitin toxin are not harmful to the recipient. In this study, the absorption and the toxicity of percutaneous and intraperitoneal (ip) applications of 1 mg/kg alpha amanitin to mice were compared. Potential skin, liver and kidney toxicities were investigated through pathological examination. HPLC analysis was used to determine the amount of the toxin. No toxicity or toxin were found in the skin, liver, or kidneys of the mice in the control group. Interestingly, the percutaneous application group also showed no toxicity, and the toxin was not present in this group. After 24 h, Councilman-like bodies and pyknotic cells were observed in the mice in which alpha amanitin was applied intraperitoneally, demonstrating the presence of toxicity. Peak levels of alpha amanitin (µg/mL) in the liver, kidney, and blood in the ip application group were measured at 3.3 (6 h), 0.2 (6 h) and 1.2 (1 h), respectively. The results demonstrated that the toxin was not absorbed through the skin of the mice and that the percutaneous application of alpha amanitin did not have any toxic effects. Thus, alpha amanitin may be administered percutaneously for therapeutic purposes.

Bu çalışmada, ofis (A4), kuşe, oluklu mukavva, NSSC (Nötral sülfit yarı kimyasal hamur), gazete ve karışım kâğıtları üzerine hamurlaştırma işlemleri yapılmıştır. Bu işlemin sonunda ise dövme ve ardından mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. İşlem sonunda ise elde edilen test kâğıtlarına ise bazı testler yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, kontrol amaçlı standart yüzdürme metoduna göre mürekkep giderme işlemi yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, sodyum hidroksit, hidrojen peroksit, sodyum silikat, oleik asit ve kalsiyum klorür ingede metoduna göre uyarlanarak kullanılmıştır.

No abstract

Alpha amanitin mostly found toxin in Amanita phalloides mushroom is responsible for toxicity. In this study, the chemical stability of the alpha amanitin in water and methanol at different temperatures was investigated. Alpha amanitin was purified by the method mentioned earlier from Amanita phalloides extract, and compared to the standard. Obtained toxin was dissolved in distilled water and methanol, and separated into 42 vials. Vials divided into 7 groups randomly. The stability of the toxin was measured at room temperature (25 °C), in the freezer (-20 °C), refrigerated (4 °C) and boiling (only water) (98 °C) using analytical HPLC system. In this method, 4.6 x50mm reverse phase C18 column, UV detector at a wavelength of 303nm, 1 mL/min flow rate of mobile phase (acetonitrile ammonium acetate + methanol + 80 +10 +10) were used. The initial amount of toxin was taken as100%, and toxin ratio was calculated according to the time, reduction in the amount of toxin. The remaining toxin level was only 5% after 6 hours in boiled water. The remaining toxin level was 86%, and 96% after 6 mounts in water, and methanol respectively at room temperature. The remaining toxin level was 91%, and 97% after 6 mounts in water, and methanol respectively at 4 °C. The remaining toxin level was 76%, and 97% after 6 mounts in water, and methanol respectively at -20 °C. Almost all of the toxin with boiling 6 hours changed to another chemical structure, but this does not imply toxicity completely disappeared. The most stability in the water was measured at 4 °C. However, the most stability in the methanol was measured at all temperatures. The chemical degradation does not mean loss of toxicity.To clarify it needs further invesitagation.

Thyme has been used for various therapeutic purposes in many different cultures, which makes it one of the most riveting medicinal plants throughout history. From its beneficial effects on the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal system, to its unique skin-related activities, the investigation of the medicinal properties of thyme has always been an alluring topic for researchers aiming to develop conventional medications from this traditional herb. With an incentive to contribute to the extensive thyme research, threeThymusL. species namelyThymus cariensisHub-Mor. & Jalas (endemic),Thymus praceoxsubsp.grossheimii(Ronniger) Jalas, andThymus pubescensBoiss. et Kotschy ex Celak from Turkey were deeply investigated within this study. The analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the extracts was conducted by LC-MS/MS. 12 biologically important secondary metabolites (p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, quinic acid, fumaric acid, vanillin, malic acid, rutin, apigenin, naringenin, and nicotiflorin) were detected in all extracts. Their total phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated (11.15 ± 0.17—61.12 ± 2.59 μg PEs/mg extract, 2.53 ± 0.04—40.28 ± 0.92 μg QEs/mg extract, respectively), and the antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging and CUPRAC activity methods, accordingly, the extracts were shown to possess significant antioxidant activity. Among them,Thymus cariensisHub-Mor. & Jalas was the most active with IC50values of 34.97 ± 1.00 μg/ml and 9.98 ± 0.04 μg/ml regarding the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, respectively, and an A0.5value of 5.80 ± 0.02 μg/ml according to CUPRAC activity method. Their anticholinesterase, antityrosinase, and antiurease activities were also tested,Thymus cariensisHub-Mor. & Jalas (35.61 ± 1.20%) andThymus pubescensBoiss. et Kotschy ex Celak aerial part extract (33.49 ± 1.39%) exhibited moderate antibutyrylcholinesterase activity at 200 μg/ml concentration. The results of the cell viability assay indicated that the extracts demonstrated moderate-to-low cytotoxicity on A498 human renal cell lines. Furthermore, all studied extracts exerted noteworthy antimicrobial activity, especially againstCandida tropicalis(MIC values: 19.53—78.12 μg/ml). The presented data substantiates the use of thyme extracts as therapeutic agents in both ethnomedicine and conventional therapies.

Medeniyetin kurulmasında, bilgi depolama ve aktarımında tartışmasız bir yeri olan kâğıt, günümüzde artık çok çeşitli amaçlar için hayatın her kademesinde yer almakta, giderek tüketimi inanılmaz boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Kâğıt sektöründe hammadde problemine çözüm için, sürdürülebilir ormancılık çalışmalarından daha ziyade, sürdürülebilir geri dönüşüm teknolojilerini geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Bu anlamda atık sınıfına giren kâğıtın, lifler dışında bulunan bütün bileşenlerini en ekonomik ve çevreci metotlarla ayırmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, toner baskılı ofis kâğıtlarının mürekkep ve kirliliklerinden arındırılmasında enzim ve ultrasonik enerji kullanımı konusunda elde edilen bazı sonuçlar tartışılmış ve geri dönüşüm açısından kâğıt sektörü çevresel açıdan irdelenmiştir. Use of Enzyme and Ultrasonic Energy in Paper Recycling Paper has undeniable key roles in establishing civilization, archiving and transferring knowledge. Paper is in all parts of daily life for different purposes today and its consumption is getting at unbelievable level. For solving the problems related to insufficient raw materials, the sustainable recycling technologies should be developed rather than concentrating on sustainable forestry practices. In this sense, extracting all materials from waste papers with economical and environmentally friendly methods are extremely important. In this study, some results obtained from an experimental study carried out on the deinking of toner printed office papers with the help of enzymes and ultrasonic energy were discussed and paper industry was examined in respect to recycling and environment.