Amatoxin and phallotoxin concentration inAmanita phalloidesspores and tissues

Abstract

Most of the fatal cases of mushroom poisoning are caused by Amanita phalloides. The amount of toxin in mushroom varies according to climate and environmental conditions. The aim of this study is to measure α-, β-, and γ-amanitin with phalloidin and phallacidin toxin concentrations. Six pieces of A. phalloides mushrooms were gathered from a wooded area of Düzce, Turkey, on November 23, 2011. The mushrooms were broken into pieces as spores, mycelium, pileus, gills, stipe, and volva. α-, β-, and γ-Amanitin with phalloidin and phallacidin were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. As a mobile phase, 50 mM ammonium acetate + acetonitrile (90 + 10, v/v) was used with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. C18 reverse phase column (150 × 4.6 mm; 5 µm particle) was used. The least amount of γ-amanitin toxins was found at the mycelium. The other toxins found to be in the least amount turned out to be the ones at the spores. The maximum amounts of amatoxins and phallotoxin were found at gills and pileus, respectively. In this study, the amount of toxin in the spores of A. phalloides was published for the first time, and this study is pioneering to deal with the amount of toxin in mushrooms grown in Turkey.

Comparative transcriptomics of the model mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea reveals tissue-specific armories and a conserved circuitry for sexual development

“…Some of these toxins are known to be specifically produced in the fruiting body and not in the vegetative mycelium [26, 27]. For instance, cytoplasmic lectins showing a broad range of non-self-carbohydrate specificities, also referred to as fruiting body lectins due to their specific expression pattern, have been shown to exert toxicity to nematodes, insect larvae and amoeba [18].…”

A Rapid Extraction Method Combined with a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassay for the Detection of Amatoxins

“…Most of these methods have utilized an extraction solution consisting of methanol, acid, and water. Results from a latter study using a one hour extraction reported levels of α-AMA to be 0.88-1.33 mg g −1 dry weight [12], while earlier studies using the 24 hour extraction reported comparable levels of 0.75-2.8 mg g −1 dry weight [8,10] for the same species. Despite potential differences in the ages of mushrooms studied, these consistencies across studies suggest that extraction efficiency is not compromised with shortened extraction times.…”

“…The typical distributions of α-AMA, β-AMA, and γ-AMA in a Death cap (Amanita phalloides) mushroom are approximately 43%, 43% and 14%, respectively [8,9]. A single dried mushroom typically contains around 1-2 mg g −1 of α-AMA [8,10,11]. The most common method for the detection of AMAs extracted from mushrooms is liquid chromatography (LC), coupled with UV detection or mass spectrometry (MS) [8,[12][13][14].…”

“…Regardless of the method used to detect the toxin, extraction of the AMA is required before identification. Over the years, the extraction procedure has been streamlined from 24 h [8,10,19] to one hour [12,14,16,20]. Most of these methods have utilized an extraction solution consisting of methanol, acid, and water.…”

Determination of amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides mushrooms from northeastern Portugal by HPLC-DAD-MS

“…These two areas have significant climatic differences. Cold land is characterized by prolonged winter and a brief hot summer with annual mean precipitation of 800 mm and mean temperature of 12.5 C. On the other hand, hot land has a warm and dry summer and mild winter with annual mean temperature of 14.0 C and annual precipitation of 1200 mm (Evelpidou et al 2010) Extraction of toxins.-Several methods have been described in the past few years for the extration of phallotoxins from fungi (Enjalbert et al 1992, Enjalbert et al 1996, Kaya et al 2013. These methods are often laborious and time consuming.…”