Objectives: To estimate frequency of stunting and associated factors in children aged less than five years in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore.
Methods: An Analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Pediatrics Outpatient Department at Akhtar Saeed Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore from December 2017 to July 2018. Two hundred children of ages under five years coming to outdoor for treatment of minor ailments were included after informed consent from their parents. Non-probability, convenient sampling technique was used to collect sample. Data collected and analyzed on SPSS version 19. To find out association of stunting with multiple qualitative variables, chi-square test was applied and p-value was fixed at ≤ 0.05 to be significant.
Results: Out of 200 children screened in OPD, 42 (21.0%) were found to be stunted. The total percentage of stunting in male children was 28 (66.6%) and in female children were 14 (33.3%). Stunting was significantly associate with male gender (p=0.047), joint family system (p=0.049), low literacy level in mothers (p=0.031), unvaccinated status (p=0.003) and history of bottle feeding (p=0.037).
Conclusion: The frequency of stunting in children less than five years of age is 42 (21.0%). The significant risk factors associated with stunting were found as male gender (p= 0.047), joint family system (p=0.049), low maternal education (p=0.031), unvaccinated status (p=0.03).
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.3.1370
How to cite this:Fatima S, Manzoor I, Joya AM, Arif S, Qayyum S. Stunting and associated factors in children of less than five years: A hospital-based study. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(3):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.3.1370
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Preamorphous damage in p-type Si implanted with MeV Si ions and annealed at elevated temperature is characterized using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). P-type Si was implanted with 4 MeV Si at doses from 1×1013 to 1×1014 cm−2 and annealed at 800 °C for 15 min. For doses below this critical dose, a sharp peak is observed in the DLTS spectrum, corresponding to the signature of point defects. Above the critical dose, a broad DLTS peak is obtained, indicating the presence of extended defects. This behavior is found to be consistent with TEM analyses where extended defects are only observed for doses above the critical dose. This suggests a critical dose at which point defects from implantation act as nucleating sites for extended defect formation.
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of mortality in Pakistan and also worldwide. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates the transcription of many genes and has a significant impact on inflammation and the morphology of cardiac cells. Genetic variation in the VDR gene such as the TaqI polymorphism (rs731236) may have an impact that causes adverse effects. Accordingly, it is important to determine possible association of the TaqI polymorphism (rs731236) with CAD.
Methods:The study included blood samples from 1016 subjects: 516 from CAD patients and 500 from age-and gender-matched controls. Genomic DNA was extracted by standard salting out method. Targeted variation was amplified by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products were examined and genotyped on agarose gel electrophoresis represented by an amplified product size of 148 bp followed by Sanger sequencing to validate variations.Results: Serum vitamin levels, as observed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, were found to be insufficient in both CAD patients (20.52 ± 0.06 ng/ml) and controls (21.6981 ± 0.05 ng/ml). The TaqI polymorphism (rs731236) T>C was found to be significantly associated with CAD (p < 0.0001). The odds ratio showed that the risk increases by 1.8-fold with variant C allele. Dominant, co-dominant and over dominant genetic model analyses suggested that the TC genotype might be a risk factor involved in the possible association with susceptibility to CAD.
Conclusions:The TaqI polymorphism (rs731236) in the coding region may affect the function of the receptor by altering the binding site, which might participate in an inflammatory response and increase the risk for developing susceptibility to CAD.
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