The current open-loop practices employed to render paper substrates water- and oil-repellent for packaging and non-packaging applications have generated ocean pollution and have placed daunting burdens on landfills.
Mutations in the CLDN14 gene are known to cause autosomal recessive (AR) non-sydromic hearing loss (NSHL) at the DFNB29 locus on chromosome 21q22.13. As part of an ongoing study to localize and identify NSHL genes, the ARNSHL segregating in four Pakistani consanguineous families were mapped to the 21q22.13 region with either established or suggestive linkage. Given the known involvement of CLDN14 gene in NSHL, DNA samples from hearing-impaired members from the four families were sequenced to potentially identify causal variants within this gene. Three novel CLDN14 mutations, c.167G>A (p.Trp56★), c.242G>A (p.Arg81His), and c.694G>A (p.Gly232Arg), segregate with hearing loss (HL) in three of the families. The previously reported CLDN14 mutation c.254T>A (p.Val85Asp) was observed in the fourth family. None of the mutations were detected in 400 Pakistani control chromosomes and all were deemed damaging based on bioinformatics analyses. The nonsense mutation c.167G>A (p.Trp56★) is the first stop codon mutation in CLDN14 gene to be identified to cause NSHL. The c.242G>A (p.Arg81His) and c.694G>A (p.Gly232Arg) mutations were identified within the first extracellular loop and the carboxyl-tail of claudin-14, respectively, which highlights the importance of the extracellular domains and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic tail residues to claudin function within the inner ear. The HL due to novel CLDN14 mutations is prelingual, severe-to-profound with greater loss in the high frequencies.
Reported herein is the synthesis of biobased and sustainable chitosangraf t-castor oil (CHI-g-CO)copolymer that can be used for paper coating. CHI-g-CO was obtained via chemical grafting of castor oil-capped isocyanate (CO-capped-NCO) onto a chitosan polymer backbone. The CHI-g-CO copolymer was then employed as a waterborne coating for Kraft unbleached paper to render the coated paper both water-and oil-resistant. The formulation of the CHI-g-CO-coated paper was optimized by using the response surface methodology. The oil and water resistances of the coated paper substrates were determined via kit rating measurements and Cobb60 value tests, respectively. Water and oil contact angles were also determined for the coated paper. In addition, the water vapor permeability and mechanical properties of the coated paper were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to evaluate the effect of the coating on the microstructures and the porosity of the paper. Considering the biobased nature of the coating materials (e.g., chitosan and castor oil), this fabrication strategy can offer an environmental-friendly, sustainable, and economical approach toward water-and oil-resistant paper.
A preliminary report on the species of the Laurel family in Bangladesh is presented in this paper. In Bangladesh, the family is represented by 13 genera and 46 species. Updated nomenclature with synonyms, local and English names, flowering and fruiting time, diagnostic characteristics, geographical distribution and occurrence within Bangladesh have been provided under each taxon. Key words: Checklist, Lauraceae, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.533 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 147-162, 2007 (December)
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