The optimization of the conversion of ginseng saponin glycosides to 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) by enzymatic transformation was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a 2(3) factorial central composite design. The production of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) using several commercial enzymes indicated that the enzyme Cellulase-12T was the most efficient at producing 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3). To optimize the enzymatic production of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3), response surface methodology was applied to determine the ideal amount of white ginseng extract, Cellulase-12T and reaction time. These results indicate that white ginseng extract (1.67%) treated with Celluase-12T (3.67%) for 72 hours had 4 times the quantity of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg(3) compared to commercial white ginseng extract.
To investigate the optimum extraction condition for Elaeagnus
umbellata, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial
effects of the extracts were assessed under different extraction conditions.
Gallic acid and kaempferol, known as major components, were quantitatively by
HPLC. Extracts of E. umbellata were examined in terms of their
DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities in addition to their polyphenol and
flavonoid contents to determine their antioxidant activities. In addition, their
inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was
examined to determine their anti-inflammatory effects, and paper diffusion
assays were used to examine their anti-microbial activities against
Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus
aureus, and Escherichia coli. It was found that
the extract obtained using 70% EtOH at 80°C for 6 h showed the
best radical scavenging activities (IC50; 8.64±0.31
μg/mL against DPPH, 9.44±0.48 μg/mL against ABTS) and NO
inhibition in RAW264.7 cells (39.6% at 500 μg/mL). In addition,
the extract obtained using 50–70% EtOH at 20–80°C for 6 h
exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity (7.0±0.4, 6.5±0.5,
and 9.0±1.0 mm against P. acnes, S.
aureus, and E. coli, respectively). This extract
also contained the highest contents of gallic acid (45.60 μg/mg) and
kaempferol (1.16 μg/mg), and the highest extraction yield
(16.83%). Our data therefore confirm that the gallic acid-rich E.
umbellata extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
and antimicrobial effects, and can be used as a functional food to protect
against skin aging and/or dermatological issues, such as acne and atopy.
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