We describe the efficacy of prescribed fires after two wildfires burned through and around these fires located in eastern Montana within the Missouri River Breaks. The objectives of the prescribed fires were to decrease tree density and favor increased herbaceous cover, thus decreasing the potential for crown fire. Our objective was to evaluate post-fire tree density, herbaceous cover, soil surface, and burn severity to determine if the prescribed fires fulfilled management objectives and if they affected post-wildfire outcomes. Because there is no information available on pre-fire conditions, we used a draft of the handbook Forest Descriptions and Photographs of Forested Areas Along the Breaks of the Missouri River in Eastern Montana (RMRS-GTR-186) of unburned sites as our frame of reference. We compared sites burned by prescribed fire alone, wildfire alone, and prescribed fire followed by wildfire to the unburned sites from the handbook. Statistical analysis showed no significance in tree density, herbaceous cover, and crown scorch, but we do report observed trends. Depending on the physiographic position, more trees survived in places burned by the combination of prescribed and wildfire than places burned only by the wildfire. The prescribed fires tended not to fulfill prescription objectives, particularly in tree density, until the second fire occurred. However, the wildfire tended to exceed prescription objectives because it killed too many trees. Compared to the unburned sites, all the fires tended to decrease litter and favor higher amounts of grass cover, thus fulfilling prescription objectives. Heterogeneity in vegetation characteristics such as canopy base height increased as a function of the combined fires. This CD describes detailed results and outcomes among the different fires and the unburned sites, and its accompanying photograph handbook provides examples of burned and unburned sites to use as a communication, calibration, and/or monitoring tool. Although the information is unique to a series of fires, the concepts and methods we used are applicable in other locales required to evaluate efficacy of fuel treatments.
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Introduction The Visible Human Project (VHP) data sets are comprehensive visual archives that provide a reliable submillimeter registration of human anatomy. The evolution of computer graphics and the use of standardized pipelines have offered a general improvement in the three‐dimensional (3D) visualization of data primarily obtained from radiological and histological sections. Due to the massive amount of high‐resolution image sequences found in the data sets, there is currently a lack of complete and accessible 3D versions of the VHP. Recently, digital representations based on a set of 3D points following a given coordinate system, called “point clouds” (3D‐PC), have become an essential tool for the study of topographical models in the geospatial field, with a wide variety of applications. This study describes a 3D‐PC‐based workflow developed by our team with the aim of online volumetric visualization, interaction, and democratization of the VHP data sets. Materials & Methods Three VHP data sets (i.e., VHP male, VHP female, and VHP 2.0) containing full‐color cryo‐sections were acquired from the online repository of the National Library of Medicine. The workflow for each one of the data sets was divided into four steps: 1) Batch‐processing of image sequences: the image files were converted into TIFF files, and the pixels contained in the files were processed into arrays with fixed scale size, 3D position, and color value using in‐house software (tif2laz v1.0). 2) Images to 3D‐PC: the previously assigned values were used for the creation of volumetric models formatted as 3D‐PC, and the resulting file was saved as a compressed geospatial file (i.e., .laz) with a converter (tif2laz v1.0) to facilitate its online visualization and interaction. 3) 3D Filtering: the 3D‐PC model was previewed, and the existing noise was removed using 3D software (CloudCompare v.2.11.2). 4) Deployment: the model was subsequently deployed on an octree‐based 3D‐PC renderer platform (Potree v.1.7.2), and an ordinary web server was created for the online use of the final models. Results Total and segmented visualization of the models, including interactions with 3D clipping boxes, and measurement tools, were possible using the online platform. The process data characteristics were as follows: 1) VHP male dataset (Fig. 1A & 2A): 4.3 billion 3D points obtained from 1871 images (4096 x 2700 resolution) at 1 mm interval. Data set size: 64 GB. 2) VHP female (Fig. 1B & 2B): 12 billion 3D points from 5189 images (4096 x 3061 resolution) at 0.33 mm interval. Data set size: 189 GB. 3) VHP 2.0 (Fig. 1C & 2C): 1.5 billion 3D points from 1481 images (1056 x 1528 resolution) at 0.5 mm interval. Data set size: 17 GB. Conclusion The use of 3D‐PC demonstrated to be a cost‐efficient method for the spatial representation of the anatomical geometry generated from the VHP data sets. The advent of novel computer graphic and geospatial technologies along with the optimization of online 3D rendering techniques, would likely offer new opportunities for the educat...
In the American West, wildfires and earthquakes are increasingly threatening the archaeological, historical, and tribal resources that define the collective identity and connection with the past for millions of Americans. The loss of said resources diminishes societal understanding of the role cultural heritage plays in shaping our present and future. This paper examines the viability of employing stationary and SLAM-based terrestrial laser scanning, close-range photogrammetry, automated surface change detection, GIS, and WebGL visualization techniques to enhance the preservation of cultural resources in California. Our datafication approach combines multi-temporal remote sensing monitoring of historic features with legacy data and collaborative visualization to document and evaluate how environmental threats affect built heritage. We tested our methodology in response to recent environmental threats from wildfire and earthquakes at Bodie, an iconic Gold Rush-era boom town located on the California and Nevada border. Our multi-scale results show that the proposed approach effectively integrates highly accurate 3D snapshots of Bodie’s historic buildings before/after disturbance, or post-restoration, with surface change detection and online collaborative visualization of 3D geospatial data to monitor and preserve important cultural resources at the site. This study concludes that the proposed workflow enhances the monitoring of at-risk California’s cultural heritage and makes a call to action to employ remote sensing as a pathway to advanced planning.
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