The need for a reduction in drug resistance led to the investigation of Argemone Mexicana L. as an agent against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea and Candida torulopsis, using well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentrations methods. The sensitivity of Bacillus Subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oils of both the aerial and root parts were determined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to the essential oil from both the aerial and root part of the plant. C. torulopsis, C. stellatoidea and C. albicans were susceptible to the essential oils from the aerial and root part of the plant. The minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 3.75mg/ml and 4.0mg/ml were recorded for Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae by the aerial and the root extracts, but P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were not susceptible to the aerial and root extracts. The observed inhibition of selected bacteria and fungi by oils of Physalis angulata makes it a promising antimicrobial agent. This study justifies its uses for treatment of sores, cuts, intestinal and digestive problems and some skin-diseases often reported in folkloric medicine.
Hybrid clay composites were prepared from Kaolinite
clay and Carica papaya seeds via modification with
chitosan, Alum, NaOH, and ZnCl2 in different ratios, using
solvothermal and surface modification techniques. Several composite adsorbents
were prepared, and the most efficient of them for the removal of gram negative
enteric bacteria was the hybrid clay composite that was surface-modified with
chitosan, Ch-nHYCA1:5 (Chitosan: nHYCA =
1:5). This composite adsorbent had a maximum adsorption removal value of 4.07 ×
106 cfu/mL for V. cholerae after 120
min, 1.95 × 106 cfu/mL for E. coli after
∼180 min and 3.25 × 106 cfu/mL for S.
typhi after 270 min. The Brouers-Sotolongo model was found to
better predict the maximum adsorption capacity
(qmax) of
Ch-nHYCA1:5 composite adsorbent for the removal of
E. coli with a
qmax of 103.07 mg/g (7.93 ×
107 cfu/mL) and V. cholerae with a
qmax of 154.18 mg/g (1.19 ×
108 cfu/mL) while the Sips model best described
S. typhi adsorption by
Ch-nHYCA1:5 composite with an
estimated qmax of 83.65 mg/g (6.43 ×
107 cfu/mL). These efficiencies do far exceed the
alert/action levels of ca. 500 cfu/mL in drinking water for these bacteria. The
simplicity of the composite preparation process and the availability of raw
materials used for its preparation underscore the potential of this low-cost
chitosan-modified composite adsorbent
(Ch-nHYCA1:5) for water
treatment.
This work was carried out in collaboration between the authors. Author FA designed the study, performed laboratory and statistical analyses, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author POA procured the cassava varieties and performed the proximate analysis in the laboratory. Authors KSA, YAA, TOA, SOF, NOO, UDA, TAK and GGD performed sample collection and laboratory analyses of the study. Author OF contributed to the development of protocol and provided technical support. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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