The taxonomic delimitations of 61 taxa of the genus Trifolium L. belonging to presently accepted five sections, namely Lotoidea, Mistyllus, Vesicaria, Chronosemium and Trifolium are evaluated, based on numerical analysis of their electrophoretic seed protein profiles. The dendrogram, resulted from the hierarchical cluster analysis of SDS-PAGE profiles of seed proteins conform, with some restrictions, to the present splitting of the genus Trifolium into the sections but not into the subsections and series.

Oxidative stress is considered the main etiologic factor involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Integration of nanocarriers for natural therapeutic agents with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential is a novel promising candidate for curing IBD. Herein, the colonic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of different concentrations of quercetin nanoparticles (QT-NPs) were evaluated using a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model. Following colitis induction, the efficacy and mechanistic actions of QT-NPs were evaluated by assessing lesion severity, molecular aids controlling oxidative stress and inflammatory response, and histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination of colonic tissues. Administration of QT-NPs, especially at higher concentrations, significantly reduced the disease activity index and values of fecal calprotectin marker compared to the colitic group. Colonic oxidant/antioxidant status (ROS, H2O2, MDA, SOD, CAT, GPX and TAC) was restored after treatment with higher concentrations of QT-NPs. Moreover, QT-NPs at levels of 20 mg/kg and, to a lesser extent, 15 mg/kg reduced Nrf2 and HO-1 gene expression, which was in line with decreasing the expression of iNOS and COX2 in colonic tissues. Higher concentrations of QT-NPs greatly downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines; upregulated genes encoding occludin, MUC-2 and JAM; and restored the healthy architectures of colonic tissues. Taken together, these data suggest that QT-NPs could be a promising alternative to current IBD treatments.

Many factors such as cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, varicocele, hyperthyroidism, infection, physical exertion, hormonal imbalance, the impact of xenobiotics induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the testis (Aitken and Roman, 2008). ROS is one of the principal causes of alteration in glucose homeostasis in testis, especially in terms of lactate production and modulation of LDH activity (Rossi et al., 2016) and apoptosis of germ cell (Rao and Shaha, 2000).Moringa oleifera (MO), a drumstick or horse-radish tree from Africa and India, possess high nutritional and research Article Abstract | Testicular toxicity is a significant cause of male infertility. It may occur due to hormonal, nutritional, behavioral, and environmental imbalance. Moringa oleifera, on the other hand, is known to have antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic properties. This study assessed the ameliorative effect of Moringa oleifera leaves extract (M/MOLE) on melamine-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Fifty Sprague Dawley (8weeks old) male rats were randomly assigned to group 1 (control), group 2 ( Moringa oleifera leaves extract only), group 3 (administered melamine only), and group 4 (both melamine and M/MOLE). Melamine significantly decreased (P < 0.05) semen quality, testicular weight, gonadal-somatic index, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free testosterone, total testosterone, and an expression of steroidogenic enzyme genes (CYP11A1 and HSD17B3). A concurrent administration of M/MOLE reversed the clinical impact of Melamine treatment (P < 0.05). Histopathological examination revealed an improvement in testicular tissue injury in concurrent M/MOLE treatment groups than the melamine group. In conclusion, MOLE was effective in improving the toxic effects of melamine on testicular tissue in rats.

C ancer poses a significant threat to human life and health, and has been a leading cause of death in humans in recent years (Stewart and Wild, 2014). In the past half century, chemotherapy has greatly strengthened the treatment for cancer. Unfortunately, traditional chemotherapeutic agents lack selectivity in which tumor cells take up less than 0.1-1 % of the drugs, and the other 99% developing into healthy tissue (van der Veldt et al., 2010).The development of drug delivery systems that are successful and have therapeutic selectivity is therefore one of the main challenges facing chemotherapy today.The nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS) has recently gained significant interest and has evolved rapidly (Wohlfart et al., 2011). Such a drug delivery system has been engineered to achieve a higher partial drug concentration, reduce systemic toxicity, and maintain drug release. Nanoparticles can penetrate tumors by passive targeting research Article Abstract | Drug delivery systems including nanoparticles are used to enhance anticancer drugs therapeutic and pharmacological properties. A biodegradable polymer chitosan (CS) was used in this study for Doxorubicin (DOX) delivery. In Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor, anticancer activity of these nanoparticles was investigated in-vivo. EAC bearing mice treated with free DOX revealed significantly increase in the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine compared with EAC bearing mice group. At the same time, the levels of BUN, creatinine and TNF-α in EAC bearing mice treated with doxorubicin capsulated chitosan nanoparticles (DOX-CNs) at dose (1-3 mg/kg) revealed significant declines when compared with EAC bearing mice treated with free DOX. The expression levels of miR-34a was found to be significantly up-regulated in DOX-treated mice accompanied by non-significantly change in the mRNA expression of renal Sirt1 compared with EAC-bearing mice group. The levels of miR-122 were nonsignificantly changed in renal tissue of EAC bearing mice given free DOX accompanied by significantly up-regulation in the expression levels of renal FOXO3 gene compared to EAC bearing mice and negative control groups. On the other hand, these levels were reversed in DOX capsulated chitosan nanoparticles treatment at dose (1mg/kg) but not at dose (2 or 3 mg/kg). The study reported the safety of administering DOX capsulated chitosan nanoparticles at dose (1mg/kg) and elicited anti-carcinogenic activity as compared with DOX itself.

Objective: To evaluate and examine the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract (GgE) on the fertilization rate and embryonic development in vitro using the mice as a model for mammals. Design: Prospective study. Methods: Seven hundred forty ova were collected from superovulated ( SUO) females mice .Glycyrrhiza glabra extract was prepared and used for in vitro activation of caudal epididymal sperm . In vitro fertilization was performed using both 10% GgE mixed with IVF medium for 367 ova (treated group) and IVF medium alone for 373 ova(Control group) . Fertilization rate and normal development of different early embryonic cleavages stages was recorded. Results : There was a significant ( P<0 .05) increase in the fertilization rate (FR ) of SUO mice oocytes (53.89%)by using 10% GgE Compared to IVF medium alone in SUO group(36.82%) . Addition of 10% GgE to the IVF medium, the number of 2-cell and 4-cell embryonic stages of SUO mice was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of control mice embryos cultured with IVF medium alone (60% and 60% Vs. 51% and 54%, respectively). Conclusion: The investigation showed that the Glycyrrhiza glabra extract may contain many growth factors, and energy sources that supporting the FR and normal development of early cleavage stages of mice embryos in vitro .This result can be utilized for IVF program in mammals.

Chronic liver disorders are a serious global health issue due to their widespread incidence. Nephropathy described the deterioration of kidney function. Safe drug delivery by nanoparticles is a rapidly developing field with promising applications in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases. The current study aimed to evaluate the use of propolis nanoparticles for managing carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepato-nephropathy on rats. Seventy adult males Spargue Dawley rats were allocated into 7 equal groups 10 rats of each. Control, CCl4, CCl4 +Silymarin, CCl4 + propolis, CCl4+Nanopropolis, CCl4 +Silymarin +Propolis, CCl4 +Silymarin +Nanopropolis. Hepato- nephropathy was induced with oral administration of CCl4 dissolved in olive oil at dose of (1gm/kg) for 4 weeks. Silymarin, propolis and nanopropolis were orally administrated at a dose of (200mg /kg), (100 mg/kg) and (30 mg /kg) respectively for 4 weeks post hepato-nephropathy onset.  Biochemical, molecular analysis, histological assessment of liver and kidney and serum oxidative stress were done. CCl4 caused a marked deterioration in biochemical, oxidative stress markers (MDA, TAC, CAT), serum TNF-α, IgM, molecular markers (SMAD-2, SMAD-3, SMAD-7, MMP-9, Desmin, TGF-β1, and let-7b), and the histopathological pictures of both liver and kidney. The above-mentioned parameters were restored with administration of silymarim + Nano-propolis, silymarin + propolis, silymarin, Nano-propolis, and propolis in order. Based on the previous findings we could speculated that combined therapy of nano-propolis and silymarin could be implicated in managing hepato-nepheropathy since it improves both liver and kideny function by targeting let-7b/TGF-β/Smad Pathway.

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N anotechnology is the science of very tiny objects with adjacent chemical and physical structures, as well as increased reactivity and solubility. When the active constituent is nanosized, the substance's stability is boosted due to its protection from oxidizing agents, other chemicals, and enzymes (Kirtane et al., 2021). It is predicted for nanotechnology to do significant advances in medicine, as gene therapy, imaging, and novel drug discovery and drug delivery in the treatment of several diseases as diabetes, cancer, and others, in addition to advances in electronics, material science, space research, and robotics (DiSanto et al., 2015;Mohamed et al., 2021). Nanotechnology has a broad and possible impact on veterinary medicine and improves the safety of domestic animals, production, and income to the farmers by using nanomaterials. Approaches in nanoscience have the potential to solve substantial challenges in the field of animal health. It has the potential to resolve dozens of new mysteries relating to veterinary fields (Şenel, 2020).Propolis is a plant resin obtained by bees via variety of plant parts to protect the hive from insects and microbes while also maintaining the hive's appropriate temperature and humidity, it is dark yellow to brown glue and balsam (Drescher et al., 2019). Propolis contains at least 300 components, with resins (50 %), waxes (30 %), essential oils (10 %), pollen (5 %), and other organic compounds (5 %) accounting for the majority. Phenolic parts and esters, as well as various kinds of flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, aromatic beta-aldehydes, alcohols, sesquiterpenes, and stilbenes, can all be found among the organic components. The interaction of these chemicals produces a synergic effect that is crucial to propolis' biological activity. Rutin, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), quercetin, p-coumaric review Article Abstract | Nanotechnology is defined as the science and technology of small objects with a diameter of less than 100 nanometers. Nanomaterials may undergo novel chemical and physical changes as a result of their size, indicating increased reactivity and solubility. Nanotechnology has a huge potential to make a major change in the agriculture and livestock sector. It can introduce new tools for molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, veterinary physiology, animal genetics, and reproduction. Nano-propolis is beneficial to veterinary medicine in different aspects by varying the size of propolis using various techniques, nano-propolis can be more effective without compromising its qualities. Propolis has numerous benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antifungal properties. Low bioavailability, solubility, absorption, and untargeted control, the advantages of free form propolis are limited due to previous reasons. Nano-propolis is made using a variety of nanoencapsulation processes. Because of their smaller size, nano-propolis is more utilized by the body than the free one. This study focuses on some current research on the application ...