In this work, titanium dioxide films were deposited on fluorine tin oxide (FTO)-glass substrates using Hydrothermal method. A low-cost homemade autoclave was used to fabricate pure TiO2 and Fe-doped (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.5%) films. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the predominant phase is rutile (R-TiO2) with peaks at (101), (002) and (112).  The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) top and cross-sectional images indicated that the films have vertically aligned nanorods structures with parallelogram cross-sectional areas and aspect ratio range (9.2-15.3).

TiO 2 films doped with Fe at (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1.5 at %) were successfully deposited on the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)-glass substrate using hydrothermal technique. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the only phase obtained of TiO 2 is rutile. Moreover, the crystallinity did not have remarkable change after doping. Ultra violet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy analysis show that the energy band gap value (E g) decreases slightly with the increase of the doping concentration from 0.1 to 0.3 at%. The reflectivity measurements in general gave identical results but with higher values of E g. Urbach energy for doping concentrations 0.7 and 1.5 at % is quite high and in the range 1-2 eV.

In this work, a hydrothermal technique is employed to prepare titanium dioxide films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. A low-cost homemade autoclave was used to fabricate iron-doped -TiO2 films (1at. %Fe) at different reaction times from 1 to 4 hours.  X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that the predominant phase is rutile (R-TiO2) with peaks at (101), (002), and (112). The XRD results showed that with increasing reaction time the peaks become sharper and narrowed. The images of the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) showed that with increasing reaction time the films appeared to have vertically aligned TiO2 nanorods. The atomic force microscope (AFM) results illustrated that surface roughness and the root means square was decreased with increasing the reaction time. UV-visible spectroscopy analysis revealed that the energy bandgap value (Eg) decreased with reaction time up to 3 hours. Urbach energy for the grown films was found to be decreased with increasing growth time. The electrical measurements indicated that all TiO2 films had p-type conductivity.

Code switching (CS) is considered as a widespread multifunctional phenomenon in bilinguals’ speech both formally and informally. CS is common among Arabic speakers because they usually use it when switching from English to Arabic in their utterances. Iraqi students are enlisted within this rule because they usually use English-Arabic CS. The current study aims at exploring the types of code-switching used in students’ daily life conversations in University of Karabuk and in dormitory setting and the reasons for using this code switching. These conversations are recorded and transcribed into written texts. Then, they are analysed by using Appel and Muysken’s (2005) classification of code-switching. Basing on the data input, the findings showed that the intra-sentential type is the most frequent type used in these conversations. Also, the findings showed that the reasons for code-switching were primarily either to convey a message or to express gratitude. These results were congruent with Poplack’s (1980) hypothesis. The study contributes noticeably to the knowledge body of literature as highlighting the use of code switching in the Turkish city of Karabuk.