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Neural regions associated with retrieval success were identified using event-related fMRI procedures and randomly ordered trials on a recognition memory test. Differences between hits and correct rejections (CRs) occurred multiple regions, including bilateral anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and right superior parietal cortex (all hits > CRs), and right occipital cortex (CRs > hits). The hit > CR pattern is not compromised by time-on-task explanations because response latencies for correctly rejected words exceeded those for hits. Converging evidence for the claim that the hit > CR pattern identified neural correlates of retrieval success was obtained by unconfounding item history and retrieval success. That is, we implemented a third condition in which nonstudied words were presented, yet retrieval success was hypothesized to facilitate CRs of these lures. Specifically, in when confronted with a familiar, yet nonstudied word, (e.g., nosedive after studying nosebleed and skydive), subjects might adopt a strategy whereby they recall the studied word(s) that gave rise to the familiarity (nosebleed, skydive) and thereby reject the lure. This method of instantiating retrieval success under conditions in which the target word had not been studied offers converging evidence for the claim that anterior-prefrontal cortex (among other regions) demonstrates enhanced activation during retrieval success.

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Informal caregivers are critical in the care of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and spend substantial time providing care, which may be associated with negative caregiver outcomes such as burden and mental health issues. Although research in the United States and Europe has generally supported these relations, there is very limited research on PD caregiving in Latin America. The current study examined the following connections in a sample of PD caregivers from the United States (N = 105) and Mexico (N = 148): (a) PD-related impairments (motor and nonmotor symptoms) and caregiver burden, (b) caregiver burden and caregiver mental health, and (c) PD-related impairments and mental health through caregiver burden. Study results uncovered significant relations among PD-related impairments, caregiver burden, and caregiver mental health. Further, caregiver burden fully mediated the relation between PD-related impairments and caregiver mental health at both study sites. Findings highlight a number of important intervention targets for caregivers and families, including caregiver burden and mental health.

reassigned to reflect that support. As management of ''representation'' became unwieldy, and to avoid potential imbalances or slights, efforts toward ''representation'' were largely abandoned in favor of invitation based on expertise. In the end, panelists were chosen to reflect key perspectives that needed discussion or to contribute as a function of their demonstrated expertise in an area critical to the Summit. Finally, each of these panelists was allowed to invite one other participant, in the hopes of populating the Summit with trainees or early career professionals with a strong commitment to diversity issues. The overarching goal of the Summit was to develop a plan for the future of cross-cultural neuropsychology. Specific targets for discussion included the delineation of the proper use of ethnic norms, allocation of resources for research, scientific approaches to the study of multicultural neuropsychology, education and training, and the development and dissemination of products from the Summit. It was intended that the Summit would be an inspirational springboard from which many efforts would follow.

Introduction We describe findings from a large study that provide empirical support for the emerging construct of cognitive frailty and put forth a theoretical framework that may advance the future study of complex aging conditions. While cognitive impairment and physical frailty have long been studied as separate constructs, recent studies suggest they share common etiologies. We aimed to create a population predictive model to gain an understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms for the relationship between physical frailty and cognitive impairment. Methods Data were obtained from the longitudinal “ Invecchaiare in Chianti” (Aging in Chianti, InCHIANTI Study) with a representative sample (n = 1453) of older adults from two small towns in Tuscany, Italy. Our previous work informed the candidate 132 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 155 protein biomarkers we tested in association with clinical outcomes using a tree boosting, machine learning (ML) technique for supervised learning analysis. Results We developed two highly accurate predictive models, with a Model I area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83‐0.90) and a Model II AUC of 0.86 (95% CI 0.80‐0.90). These models indicate cognitive frailty is driven by dysregulation across multiple cellular processes including genetic alterations, nutrient and lipid metabolism, and elevated levels of circulating pro‐inflammatory proteins. Discussion While our results establish a foundation for understanding the underlying biological mechanisms for the relationship between cognitive decline and physical frailty, further examination of the molecular pathways associated with our predictive biomarkers is warranted. Our framework is in alignment with other proposed biological underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease such as genetic alterations, immune system dysfunction, and neuroinflammation.

Background The aims of this study were to evaluate the relationship between anticholinergic drug burden (ACB) cognitive impairment, physical frailty, and cognitive frailty, and to determine if ACB is predictive of these phenotypes when modeled with biological and genomic biomarkers. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, a total of 1,453 adults aged 20–102 years were used to examine ACB as a predictor for cognitive impairment, physical frailty, and cognitive frailty. Anticholinergic burden is examined as a predictor for all phenotypes in a cross-sectional analysis using logistic, ordinal regression models, and Extreme Gradient Boosting for population predictive modeling. Results A significant association was found between ACB and cognitive decline (p = .02), frailty (p < .001), and cognitive frailty (p < .001). The odds of cognitive impairment increased by 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06–1.37, p < .001), odds of being frail increased by 1.33 (95% CI = 1.18–1.50, p < .001), and odds of having cognitive frailty increased by 1.36 (95% CI = 1.21–1.54, p < .001). Population modeling results indicated ACB score as one of the stronger predictors for cognitive impairment, physical frailty, and cognitive frailty with area under the curves ranging from 0.81 to 0.88. Conclusions Anticholinergic medications are a potentially modifiable risk factor for the prevention of cognitive and physical decline. Identification of reversible causes for cognitive and physical impairment is critical for the aging population. These findings encourage new research that may lead to effective interventions for deprescribing programs for the prevention of cognitive and physical decline in older adults.

Background: Non-motor symptoms, quality of life, service needs, and barriers to care of individuals with movement disorders are not well explored. This study assessed these domains within a sample of individuals with essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: A survey exploring symptoms, needs, and barriers to care was disseminated to a convenience sample (N596) of individuals with a primary diagnosis of ET (N519) or PD (N577). Results: Similarities in overall quality of life and impact on daily functioning were found across individuals with ET and PD. Noteworthy differences included endorsement of different types of service needs and utilization patterns and fewer non-motor symptoms reported among those with ET (M56.1, SD52.4) than those with PD (M510.4, SD53.4). Non-motor symptoms significantly impacted movement disorder-related quality of life for both diagnostic groups, but this relationship was stronger for individuals with ET, t(12)53.69, p50.003, b50.73 than with PD, t(56)54.00, p,0.001, b50.47. Individuals with ET also reported higher rates of stigma (31.6% vs. 7.8%) and greater impact of non-motor symptoms on emotional well-being, R 2 50.37, F(1, 13)57.17, p50.020. Discussion: This is the first study to describe and compare the needs, barriers to care, and impact on quality of life of two distinct movement disorder groups. Our results support the recent efforts of the field to identify interventions to address the non-motor symptoms of movement disorders and indicate need for greater appreciation of the specific differences in symptoms and quality of life experienced across movement disorder diagnoses.