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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is an enterovirus-mediated condition that predominantly affects children under 5 years of age. The tendency for outbreaks to peak in warmer summer months suggests a relationship between HFMD and weather patterns. We reviewed the English-language literature for articles describing a relationship between meteorological variables and HFMD. Seventy-two studies meeting criteria were identified. A positive, statistically significant relationship was identified between HFMD cases and both temperature (61 of 67 studies, or 91.0%, reported a positive relationship) [CI 81.8-95.8%, P = 0.0001] and relative humidity (41 of 54 studies, or 75.9%) [CI 63.1-85.4%, P = 0.0001]. No significant relationship was identified between HFMD and precipitation, wind speed, and/or sunshine. Most countries reported a single peak of disease each year (most commonly early Summer), but subtropical and tropical climate zones were significantly more likely to experience a bimodal distribution of cases throughout the year (two peaks a year; most commonly late spring/early summer, with a smaller peak in autumn). The rising global incidence of HFMD, particularly in Pacific Asia, may be related to climate change. Weather forecasting might be used effectively in the future to indicate the risk of HFMD outbreaks and the need for targeted public health interventions.

Throughout much of the African continent, healthcare systems are already strained in their efforts to meet the needs of a growing population using limited resources. Climate change threatens to undermine many of the public health gains that have been made in this region in the last several decades via multiple mechanisms, including malnutrition secondary to drought-induced food insecurity, mass human displacement from newly uninhabitable areas, exacerbation of environmentally sensitive chronic diseases, and enhanced viability of pathogenic microbes and their vectors. We reviewed the literature describing the various direct and indirect effects of climate change on diseases with cutaneous manifestations in Africa. We included non-communicable diseases such as malignancies (non-melanoma skin cancers), inflammatory dermatoses (i.e. photosensitive dermatoses, atopic dermatitis), and trauma (skin injury), as well as communicable diseases and neglected tropical diseases. Physicians should be aware of the ways in which climate change threatens human health in low-and middle-income countries in general, and particularly in countries throughout Africa, the world's lowest-income and second most populous continent.The African continent has the lowest gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and accounts for less than 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions. 2 In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the socioeconomic conditions are strongly linked to the climatic conditions, loss of healthy life years as a result of climate change is predicted to be up to 500 times greater than in Europe. 3 By 2020, 85-250 million Africans are projected to experience increased water stress as a result of climate change, and crop yields from rain-fed agriculture may decrease by up to 50%. 4 Since 30-40% of Africa's GDP and about three quarters of its population rely on agricultural production as a primary income source, the economic consequences of this could be devastating. 2Given that most of the continent is in the tropical climate zone, sea level rise is expected to be higher than average, and there are at least three African coastal cities with populations over 8 million that may be severely affected. 2 According to the World Bank, as of 2019, the combination of erosion, flooding, and pollution have led to losses of over 3.8 billion United States Dollars (USD) annually, or 5.3% of the combined GDP of Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, and Togo, four countries along the West African Coast. 5 African nations will be forced to continue their development under these constraints, and at a high cost; the United Nations (U.N.) estimates climate change adaptation costs to Africa of ª

HIV has long been associated with a number of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic skin conditions. In the era of anti-retroviral therapy, we have discovered even more about the relationship between skin disease and chronic immunosuppression. In particular, clinicians still face the propensity of persons living with HIV to develop difficult-to-control viral infections, chronic skin inflammation, and pruritus and—particularly as patients age—various types of skin cancers. Here, we summarize recent updates in the field of HIV dermatology and make recommendations to providers caring for these patients.

Pityriasis lichenoides is a predominantly pediatric disorder. The time course of pityriasis lichenoides chronica is significantly longer than that of pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta. Pityriasis lichenoides chronica may persist with pigmentary alterations in the absence of other signs of active inflammation. Treatment response is often limited, particularly for patients with pityriasis lichenoides chronica.