-Physiological quality and vigor of the seeds comprise properties that determine a high level of activity and performance during germination and seedling emergence, having a direct relation with the establishment of the stand of a crop. In this context, the assessment of seedling development, including the analysis of the seed reserves mobilization are a reliable method to investigate the physiological potential of seed lots. In this preliminary study, the aim was to investigate the dynamics of seed reserves mobilization of a sample of soybean commercial cultivars. By means of the seedling length bioassay and weight of dry matter of seeds, cotyledons, hypocotyls and radicles, information on the reserves mobilization during the germination process was obtained. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Scott and Knott test, and afterwards, phenotypic correlations between traits were obtained. The results have shown that the dry matter of seeds, reserves reduction of seeds and dry matter of seedlings are positively correlated, and thus, seeds containing more reserves may be more effective during the early development of seedlings. In contrast, reserve reduction of seeds and conversion efficiency of the seeds reserves in the dry matter of seedlings are negatively correlated.Index terms: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, germination, seedlings, reserves mobilization. Dinâmica de reservas das sementes de soja durante o desenvolvimento de plântulas de diferentes cultivares comerciaisRESUMO -Qualidade fisiológica e vigor compreendem propriedades das sementes que determinam alto nível de atividade e desempenho durante a germinação e emergência das plântulas, tendo relação direta com o estabelecimento do estande de uma lavoura. Neste contexto, a avaliação do desenvolvimento das plântulas, incluindo análise da mobilização de reservas das sementes pode se constituir em um método confiável para investigação do potencial fisiológico de lotes. Neste estudo preliminar, objetivou-se investigar a dinâmica de reservas em sementes de cultivares comerciais de soja. Por meio do teste de comprimento de plântulas e peso de massa seca de sementes, cotilédones, hipocótilos e radículas foram obtidas informações sobre a mobilização de reservas durante o processo de germinação. A massa seca de sementes, redução de reservas de sementes e massa seca de plântulas estão positivamente correlacionados entre si, e, logo, sementes contendo mais reservas podem apresentar maior vigor durante o desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas. Em contrapartida, redução de reserva de sementes e eficiência na conversão de reservas das sementes em massa seca de plântulas são negativamente correlacionadas.Termos para indexação: Glycine max (L.) Merrill, germinação, plântulas, mobilização de reservas.
-Germination is a biological process that depends on adequate water supply to embryo development. Water deficit slows this process and depending on intensity and extent of this deficit may cause seed death. Nevertheless, it has not yet been reported whether seed size influences physiological potential, or tolerance to water stress. This study aimed at assessing the effects of seed size, as well as of water stress on germination of the seeds and on early soybean seedling development. The experiment was composed by seeds of 10 soybean cultivars classified by metallic screens with three sizes of oval holes (S12, S13 and S14) and subjected to three water potentials (0, -0.1, and -0.2 MPa), with four replications. Data on genotypes were grouped as replications and arranged on a factorial 3 x 3 (size x water potential), with 40 replications. Data assessed were: first and final count of germination; length and seedling dry weight; and correlation between length/mass of radicle and hypocotyl. It was concluded that under ideal moisture conditions larger seeds have better physiological quality, producing more vigorous seedlings; but, that under water potential of -0.2 MPa smaller seeds produce larger seedlings; and that the hypocotyl is more influenced by water stress than the radicle.Index terms: Glycine max, seed, water potential, germination.Influência do tamanho de semente e da restrição hídrica na germinação de sementes de soja e no desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas RESUMO -A germinação é um processo biológico dependente do fornecimento adequado de água para o desenvolvimento do embrião. O déficit hídrico retarda este processo e, dependendo da densidade e duração desse déficit, pode causar a morte da semente. Contudo, ainda não foi relatado se o tamanho da semente influencia o seu potencial fisiológico e a sua tolerância ao estresse. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tamanho da semente e do estresse hídrico na germinação das sementes e no desenvolvimento inicial das plântulas de soja. Este experimento foi composto por sementes de 10 cultivares de soja, classificadas por peneiras com crivos de três tamanhos (P12, P13 e P14) e submetidas a três potenciais hídricos (0, -0,1 e -0,2 MPa), com quatro repetições. Os dados sobre genótipos foram agrupados como repetições de um fatorial simples 3 x 3 (tamanhos x potenciais hídricos), com 40 repetições. Avaliou-se: primeira contagem e contagem final de germinação, e relação comprimento/massa do hipocótilo e da radícula. Concluiu-se que sob condições ideais de umidade, sementes maiores têm melhor qualidade fisiológica, produzindo plântulas mais vigorosas; mas, sob potencial hídrico de -0,2 MPa sementes menores produzem plântulas maiores; e que o hipocótilo é mais afetado pelo estresse hídrico do que a radícula.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, semente, potencial hídrico, germinação.1
Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a major pest of maize, responsible for reducing grain quality and making the corn inappropriate for industrial use and human consumption. S. zeamais has been controlled exclusively with chemical products. The objective of this research was to select isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to control S. zeamais. Beetles were immersed in conidia suspensions of each isolate for five seconds and placed in a gerbox container with maize grains. In pathogenicity tests, the isolates that caused the highest mortality to the maize weevil were ESALQ-447 (68.0%), CCA-UFES/ Bb-36 (57.3%) and CCA-UFES/Bb-31 (51.3%). ESALQ-447 was the most virulent, with an LC 50 of 1.7 x 10 7 conidia/ml and shows promise for controlling maize weevils. These isolates of B. bassiana can be used as effective substitutes for conventional chemical control, normally carried out with phosphine. Further tests should be performed under field and semi-field conditions to develop an appropriate strategy for the use of this entomopathogen to manage S. zeamais.Key words: maize weevil, microbial control, entomopathogenic fungus, stored grains. RESUMO
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