There is a rising concern regarding the accumulation of floating plastic debris in the open ocean. However, the magnitude and the fate of this pollution are still open questions. Using data from the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation, regional surveys, and previously published reports, we show a worldwide distribution of plastic on the surface of the open ocean, mostly accumulating in the convergence zones of each of the five subtropical gyres with comparable density. However, the global load of plastic on the open ocean surface was estimated to be on the order of tens of thousands of tons, far less than expected. Our observations of the size distribution of floating plastic debris point at important size-selective sinks removing millimeter-sized fragments of floating plastic on a large scale. This sink may involve a combination of fast nano-fragmentation of the microplastic into particles of microns or smaller, their transference to the ocean interior by food webs and ballasting processes, and processes yet to be discovered. Resolving the fate of the missing plastic debris is of fundamental importance to determine the nature and significance of the impacts of plastic pollution in the ocean.

With a current estimate of ~1,000 million tons, mesopelagic fishes likely dominate the world total fishes biomass. However, recent acoustic observations show that mesopelagic fishes biomass could be significantly larger than the current estimate. Here we combine modelling and a sensitivity analysis of the acoustic observations from the Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation Expedition to show that the previous estimate needs to be revised to at least one order of magnitude higher. We show that there is a close relationship between the open ocean fishes biomass and primary production, and that the energy transfer efficiency from phytoplankton to mesopelagic fishes in the open ocean is higher than what is typically assumed. Our results indicate that the role of mesopelagic fishes in oceanic ecosystems and global ocean biogeochemical cycles needs to be revised as they may be respiring ~10% of the primary production in deep waters.

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Here we review all published data on phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing using the dilution technique to better understand the role of this group of grazers in different regions of the oceans, and to identify the knowledge gaps that require future efforts. A total of 1525 data points assimilated from 110 studies were included and grouped using the biogeographic subsets defined by Longhurst et al. [(1995) An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data. J. Plankton Res., 17, 1245-1271]. Total median phytoplankton growth rates in each of the subsets varied between 0.15 (Polar Southern) and 0.83 day 21 (Trades Atlantic), with the corresponding microzooplankton grazing rates ranging between 0.07 (Polar Southern) and 0.48 day 21 (Trades Indian). The median percentage of primary production (PP) grazed by microzooplankton was relatively constant among the regions and ranged from 49

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