Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungM The persistence and movement of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron in Finnish sandy, clay and organic soils were studied with onion bioassays. Field plots grown with barley were sprayed with 4 and 12 g a.i. ha−1 Chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron persisted and leached to nearly the same extent. They persisted longer in the sandy soils than in the other soils, and leaching was also deeper in the sandy soils. The phytotoxicity of the 4 g a.i. ha−1 dose persisted in the 0–5 cm layer of all soils for 1 month on average. The residues tended to leach deeper than 5 cm and, in some cases, were recovered up to 1 year after application. The phytotoxicity of the dose of 12 g a.i. ha−1 persisted for at least 1 month and generally for 1 year. Residues of this dose were found in the 0–5, 5–15 and 15–25 cm layers, and in clay, mostly in the 0–15 cm layer. Significant growth stimulation in bioassays was common 1–2 years after application in the 5–15 and 15–25 cm layers of sandy soils. Chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron generally had only a very small effect on microbial dehydrogenase and nitrification activities. Persistance et effets microbiologiques du chlorsulfuron et du metsulfuron dans des sols finlandais La persistance et le mouvement du chlorsulfuron et du metsulfuron dans des sols sableux, argileux et humiferes de Finlande ont ete etudies l'aide d'essais biologiques utilisant l'oignon. Des parcelles semees en orge ont ete traitees a raison de 4 et 12 g m.a. ha. La persistance et le lessivage du chlorsulfuron et du metsulfuron etaient similaires. Us persistaient plus longtemps dans les sols sableux que dans les autres et le lessivage y etait plus important. La plupart du temps, la phytotoxicite de la dose 4 g m.a. ha−1 persistait pendant un mois dans la couche 0–5 cm. Les residus tendaient a etre lessives plus profondement que 5 cm et dans certains cas etaient detects 1 an apres l'application. La phytotoxicite de la dose 12 g m.a. ha−1 persistail pendant au moins un mois et generalement pendant an. Les residus de cette dose etaient retrouves dans les couches 0–5, 5–15 et 15–25 cm et dans le sol argileux principalement dans le couche 0–15 cm. Des stimulations de croissance significatives, detectees par des essais biologiques, etaient communement observees 1–2 ans apres Tapplication dans les couches 5–15 et 15–25 cm des sols sableux. Le chlorsulfuron, et le metsulfuron la plupart du temps, n'avaient qu'un tres faible effet sur les activites microbiennes deshydrogenase et de nitrification. Persistenz und mikrobiologische Wirkungen von Chlorsulfuron und Metsulfuron in finnischen Boden Die Persistenz und Einwaschung von Chlorsulfuron und Metsulfuron in finnischen Sand‐. Lehm‐ und organischen Boden wurden mit Zwiebel‐Biotests untersucht. In Gerstenbestanden hatten die beiden Herbizide nach Anwendung von 4 und 12 g A.S. ha−1 ungefahr gleiche Persistenz und Einwaschung, die in den Sandboden starker als in den anderen waren. Die Phytotoxizitat blieb in alien Boden bis 5 cm Tiefe nach Anwendung von 4 g A.S. h...
The phytotoxic persistence and movement of metribuzin were studied by means of bioassays in sandy, clay and organic soils in Finland. The effects of metribuzin residues on soil microorganisms were determined by assessment of nitrification and dehydrogenase activities.The phytotoxicity of metribuzin 0-7 kg a.i. ha"p ersisted in the surface layer of 0-5 cm for one growing season in sandy and clay soils, but only for some weeks in organic soils. A double dose may cause phytotoxic effects on other crops during the next growing season, Phytotoxic residues were seldom detected below the 5 cm layer, although chemical analyses have revealed residues down to 25 cm in all soil types. Growth stimulation in the test plants was observed generally in the 5-25-cm layers of sandy and clay soils from the first to the second autumn after treatment.Inhibitory or stimtilatory effects on microbial activity were found up to the second autumn in sandy and clay soUs, At least the inhibition of nitrification in clay during the first autumn and the next spring would be critical. Persistance d'activite et effets microbiologiques de la metribuzine dans differents solsJ R J R J J J R J R Humus content=l-727 XO.C.%. J, Jokioinen; R, Ruukki. Humus pH % 3-6
Imidazolinonies (IMIs) are a group of herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity. They control the growth of many broadleaved weeds and annual grass species. Herbicide resistance against imidazolinonies has been transferred in some crop species, for example in Brassica napus. IMI-resistant oilseed rape cultivars have been developed by a mutation in ALS. They have been on the market for a few years, especially in North America. To determine if imazamox, an imidazolinone herbicide, and IMI-resistant oilseed rape cultivars are suitable for cultivation in Finland, we conducted four herbicide trials in three locations. We found, that imazamox had no negative effect on yield or oil quality characters of IMI-resistant oilseed rape. Some transient chlorosis was observed immediately after the treatment, but it was not apparent after a few days. The effects of imazamox against the most troublesome weeds in oilseed field in Finland, Chenopodium album and Galium spurium, were very good. Imazamox had good or moderate effects on Stellaria media, whereas its effects on Viola arvensis, Lapsana communis and Fallopia convolvulus were insufficient. If the total weed number was high or the emergence of oilseed rape was slow, the application of imazamox increased the yield of oilseed rape compared to untreated control. Our results suggest that imazamox is a good alternative in controlling weeds for Finnish oilseed fields. Therefore, it would be beneficial to transfer the IMI-resistance into Finnish oilseed and turnip rape lines.
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