Little is known about the principles of surface structure design for orthopedic and dental implants. To find topographical groove patterns that could enhance osteoblast differentiation according to cell type, groove patterns are fabricated with ridges (0.35−7 µm) and grooves (0.65−6 µm) of various widths and explored their mechanisms in improving osteoblast differentiation. This study finds that a groove pattern enhancing osteoblast differentiation is associated with the ability of the cell to extend its length and that it is able to overcome the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation that takes place under inflammatory conditions. The groove pattern suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species, a reaction that is increased in inflammatory conditions. It also modulates the expression of osteogenic factors according to differentiation time. Importantly, specific groove patterns AZ‐2 and AZ‐4, with ridge width of 2 µm and groove width of 2 or 4 µm, respectively, effectively promote bone regeneration in critical‐sized calvarial defects without additional factors. This knowledge of groove patterns can be applied to the development of orthopedic and dental devices.
Although tumor genomic profiling has identified small subsets of gastric cancer (GC) patients with clinical benefit from anti-PD-1 treatment, not all responses can be explained by tumor sequencing alone. We investigate epigenetic elements responsible for the differential response to anti-PD-1 therapy by quantitatively assessing the genome-wide chromatin accessibility of circulating CD8+ T cells in patients’ peripheral blood. Using an assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq), we identify unique open regions of chromatin that significantly distinguish anti-PD-1 therapy responders from non-responders. GC patients with high chromatin openness of circulating CD8+ T cells are significantly enriched in the responder group. Concordantly, patients with high chromatin openness at specific genomic positions of their circulating CD8+ T cells demonstrate significantly better survival than those with closed chromatin. Here we reveal that epigenetic characteristics of baseline CD8+ T cells can be used to identify metastatic GC patients who may benefit from anti-PD-1 therapy.
This paper gives a survey on the relation between Hibi algebras and representation theory. The notion of Hodge algebras or algebras with straightening laws has been proved to be very useful to describe the structure of many important algebras in classical invariant theory and representation theory [2,5,6,10,33]. In particular, a special type of such algebras introduced by Hibi [12] provides a nice bridge between combinatorics and representation theory of classical groups. We will examine certain poset structures of Young tableaux and affine monoids, Hibi algebras in toric degenerations of flag varieties, and their relations to polynomial representations of the complex general linear group.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 13A50, 13F50, 20G05, 05E10, 05E15.
The tensor product algebra TA(n) for the complex general linear group GL(n), introduced by Howe et al., describes the decomposition of tensor products of irreducible polynomial representations of GL(n). Using the hive model for the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients, we provide a finite presentation of the algebra TA(n) for n = 2, 3, 4 in terms of generators and relations, thereby giving a description of highest weight vectors of irreducible representations in the tensor products. We also compute the generating function of certain sums of Littlewood-Richardson coefficients.2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 20G05, 13A50, 05E15.
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