A Specific Groove Pattern Can Effectively Induce Osteoblast Differentiation

Abstract

Little is known about the principles of surface structure design for orthopedic and dental implants. To find topographical groove patterns that could enhance osteoblast differentiation according to cell type, groove patterns are fabricated with ridges (0.35−7 µm) and grooves (0.65−6 µm) of various widths and explored their mechanisms in improving osteoblast differentiation. This study finds that a groove pattern enhancing osteoblast differentiation is associated with the ability of the cell to extend its length and that it is able to overcome the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation that takes place under inflammatory conditions. The groove pattern suppresses the generation of reactive oxygen species, a reaction that is increased in inflammatory conditions. It also modulates the expression of osteogenic factors according to differentiation time. Importantly, specific groove patterns AZ‐2 and AZ‐4, with ridge width of 2 µm and groove width of 2 or 4 µm, respectively, effectively promote bone regeneration in critical‐sized calvarial defects without additional factors. This knowledge of groove patterns can be applied to the development of orthopedic and dental devices.

Laser Surface Microstructuring of a Bio-Resorbable Polymer to Anchor Stem Cells, Control Adipocyte Morphology, and Promote Osteogenesis

“…The grooved patterns alone were able to promote osteogenesis at the same or even higher level than the induction agents of the osteogenic differentiation induction medium. The induction of osteogenic differentiation by surface patterns has been observed by other authors when applying specific features both in the nanoscale and the microscale (pits, pillars, or grooves) for MSCs cultured in vitro under both inductive and non-inductive medium [53,54,55,56,57]. Those studies state that the osteogenesis induction promoted by topological cues may be related to large focal adhesions, enhanced cell areas, and well-organized cytoskeleton.…”

“…Those studies state that the osteogenesis induction promoted by topological cues may be related to large focal adhesions, enhanced cell areas, and well-organized cytoskeleton. However, there is still controversy as to whether flattened [53] or elongated [56] morphologies are preferred for osteogenesis and whether a biochemical stimulus is needed to induce cellular differentiation. Regarding the influence of cell morphology on cellular differentiation, our study supports the observations found by Kim et al [56] related to a maximized Ad-MSCs differentiation to osteoblasts for cells aligned along the grooves and which show an increase in the cell length but none or little in width in comparison with the flat surface.…”

<p>Directional Osteo-Differentiation Effect of hADSCs on Nanotopographical Self-Assembled Polystyrene Nanopit Surfaces</p>

“…Despite much efforts to develop an optimal topographical surface to enhance osteogenic differentiation, studies have been conducted with limited cell types and patterns. 22 Several nanoscale topographical features, such as pillars, [23][24][25] grooves, 10,26 grids, 27 or other pattern features 24,28,29 but rarely nanopits, are used for studying differentiation of hADSCs. To advance in this field, various strategies have been tested to fabricate nano-sized surfaces.…”

“…8,9 The surface roughness at the micro/ nanoscale promotes osseointegration by enhancing cell differentiation and local factor production. [10][11][12] Therefore, designing implant surfaces with unique topographical structures has become necessary. They have great potential for the manufacturing of future superior orthopedic implants.…”

Preservation of alveolar ridge height through mechanical memory: A novel dental implant design

“…Biomaterials can be employed to fine-tune the fate and function of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) around implants [ 9 ] and show promise for the innovative modification of clinical dental implants. The physical characteristics of implants with no chemical modification regulate cell behavior via a process called mechanical transduction [ 10 , 11 ]. This reaction between the cells and implant material is affected by the surface topography, where differing biochemical signals caused by this reaction can influence the cellular response to the surface [ 12 , 13 ].…”