The purpose of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the ciliary muscle's (CM) morphological changes during accommodation by evaluating CM thickness (CMT) profiles. The CM of 15 near-emmetropic subjects (age 20-39) was imaged via optical coherence tomography (OCT) during far (0 D) and near vision (3 D). A custom-made Java-based program was used for semi-automatic CM segmentation and thickness measurements. CMT profiles were generated to determine regions of the largest shape changes. The results revealed on average a thinning within the first 0.25 mm and a thickening from 0.36 to 1.48 mm posterior to scleral spur when accommodating from 0 to 3 D. In contrast to previous analyses, this method offers pixel-wise reconstruction of CM shapes and quantification of accommodative change across the entire muscle boundary.
The sickle-shaped nucleus of the rat spermatozoon is prolonged by a refringent structure stainable by iron hematoxylin -the perforatorium. This structure was recognized as early as 1887 by Jensen; later it was depicted as a short pointed rod by Niessing (1897), Duesberg ('08), arid Retzius ('09). Blaiidau ('51) on examination of the freshly fertilized rat ovum observed the perforatorium free of the nucleus and described it as a rod, one end of which was Y-shaped. Austin and Sapsford ('51) noted that when sodium hydroxide digestion of sperniatozoa was followed under the microscope, the perforatorium remained visible after the otlier components of the head had dissolved. On the whole, littlc is known concerning the structure and significance of the perforatoriurn. Therefore, to extend our meager knowledge of this subject, rat spermatozoa were studied with the light, electron, and phase contrast microscopes.
METHODThe light microscope was used to examine spermatozoa in smears or sections of testis and epididymis of adult rats. Fixation in Hellp's fluid was followed by staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (also designated PA-Schiff), Masson trichrome, toluidine blue, or malachite green techniques. The PA-Schiff technique was often combined with one of the
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