The effect of the non-selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist trifluoromethyl-phenylpiperazine (TFMPP, 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 microg) and the preferential 5-HT2C agonist 6-chloro-2(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine (MK-212, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 microg) microinjected into the ventral or dorsal hippocampus was investigated in anxiety measures of rats exposed to the elevated plus-maze test. Ventral hippocampal (VH) microinjections of the 0.75 or 1.5 microg doses of TFMPP reduced open-arm exploration without affecting the number of closed-arm entries, indicating a selective anxiogenic profile. The highest dose (3.0 microg) reduced open- and closed-arm entries, suggesting interference in locomotor activity. The 0.1 microg dose of MK-212 also caused a selective anxiogenic effect when microinjected into the ventral hippocampus, without disturbing locomotor activity. Microinjections of the two higher doses of MK-212 (0.3 or 1.0 microg) into the ventral hippocampus led to a decrease of exploration in both arms of the maze. In contrast to the anxiogenic effect observed in the VH, neither TFMPP nor MK-212 significantly changed anxiety measures when microinjected into the dorsal hippocampus. These results suggest that activation of 5-HT2C postsynaptic receptors located in the ventral, but not in the dorsal, hippocampus play an important role in anxiety triggered by the elevated plus-maze test.

MK-212 increases anxiety and decreases locomotor activity. The anxiogenic-like profile of 5-HT2 receptor activation is prevented by the blockade of 5-HT2 receptors within the BLA, which does not have an effect by itself upon basal anxiety levels triggered by the EPM.

Morphologic analysis of geographic strains of Musca domestica carried out on natural and laboratory experiments starting with 400 and 800 eggs showed phenotypic variations related with latitude. Females of the natural populations showed clines for several morphological traits of the wing, whereas male flies showed a reduction in the dispersion measures (s2 and CV) of wing width and length. The same reduction was obtained for males, females and total number of flies of the natural populations in dispersion of the number of bristles on the fourth abdominal sternite. A significant negative correlation was observed for the head width of females and for the total number of flies emerged in the laboratory experiments started with 400 eggs. All flies produced by the experiments starting with 800 eggs showed a reduction in variability of dispersion of the bristles on the fourth abdominal sternite in the strains obtained from locations south of the area analyzed. Evolutionary aspects of these correlation coefficients between morphometric traits and latitude are discussed.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo a revisão de trabalhos científicos publicados sobre a hanseníase como problema de saúde pública no Brasil e o marcador de vulnerabilidade para os portadores da enfermidade. Foi realizada uma scoping review com o descritor “hanseníase AND vulnerabilidade” na base de dados da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Foram selecionados 29 artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2020 que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Os resultados apontaram para trabalhos científicos publicados em revistas indexadas e com diferentes fatores de impacto, com destaque para a maioria das publicações selecionadas constarem em periódicos com métricas de impacto pouco significativas aos olhos da comunidade internacional, ainda que elas tenham impacto nacional. A maioria dos estudos teve abrangência municipal, com destaque para cidades do Norte e do Nordeste brasileiro. Os trabalhos trataram a vulnerabilidade na hanseníase utilizando distintas tipologias.

Abstract

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Desde sua primeira publicação em 2012, os Cadernos Ibero-Americanos de Direito Sanitário (CIADS) representam um espaço aberto para pesquisadores das áreas do direito e da saúde ou as correlatas a esses dois grandes campos do conhecimento. Ao apresentar à comunidade científica o resultado de seus trabalhos, o CIADS tem como propósito estimular o debate e o intercâmbio entre pares e, mais precisamente, democratizar o conhecimento.

The Brazilian Constitutional definition of health as a social right makes the State the guarantor of this legally protected interest. The federalist system adopted in the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution determines that the Federal Government, states, and municipalities share the authority to care for health and the concurrent authority to legislate on health matters. This shared authority is based especially on the model of decentralization of public actions and services in health and the regional disparities across Brazil's territory. As Brazil has confronted the COVID-19 pandemic, this heterogeneity has intensified, allowing the Federative Units to adopt different measures that limit rights and public freedoms, depending on the pandemic's progression in the respective geographic area. The range of autonomy for these government entities was recently reaffirmed by the Brazilian Supreme Court (STF) with its ruling on Direct Unconstitutionality Suit n. 6,341/2020 1. The Supreme Court's ruling reinforced the role of local health authorities and public administrators in the adoption of legislative and administrative measures against COVID-19. Each branch of government in Brazil performs its respective role. Since the COVID-19 public health emergency of national concern was declared by the Ministry of Health 2 , extensive legislation has been produced by the Federal Executive and Legislative Branches (Portal da Legislação. Legislação COVID-19. http://www4.planalto.gov.br/legislacao/portal-legis/legislacao-covid-19, accessed on 16/May/2020), not only in health, but also including economic and tax issues, social security, services provision, and individual rights and guarantees, among others. States and municipalities have also contributed to the creation of a new legal framework. The clash between fundamental rights, the exercise of public freedoms, and respect for restrictive rules and confinement, with the aim of drawing limits between the development of administrative rules, jurisprudence on the protection of (and guaranteed access to) health, and the possibility of exercising individual autonomy have been the object of analysis by the Brazilian academic community 3. This scenario provides the backdrop for the first declaration of a lockdown in Brazil, in the cities of São Luís, São José de Ribamar, Paço do Lumiar, and Raposa, all located in the state of Maranhão, under a court order issued on April 30, 2020. The order responded to a claim filed by the local Public Prosecutor, based on the following factors 4 : total occupation of ICU beds dedicated exclusively to COVID-19 in the state public healthcare network; lack of transparency of this same information in the public networks in the above-mentioned cities; provision for lockdown in the Ministry of Health's