A comparative study of 64 strains of Actinomyces israelii was done with the use of techniques standardized by the Subgroup on Taxonomy of the Microaerophilic Actinomycetes. Emphasis was placed on the range of variation to assist recognition of clinical isolates and aid in differentiation from Actinomyces-like organisms. None of the strains was positive for catalase or indole, or in the Voges-Proskauer test; 90% were methyl red-positive and 62% were nitrate-positive. Acid was produced from: glucose (100%), xylose (100%), salicin (98%), raffinose (95%), lactose (89%), cellobiose (83%), mannose (78%), arabinose (76%), inositol (58%), mannitol (48%), starch (31 %), glycogen (0%), glycerol (O%), and rhamnose (0%). A. israeli can be identified by the fluorescent-antibody method, but there is no single morphological or biochemical characteristic which can be used for its identification. By both fluorescent-antibody and gel-diffusion techniques, the serological classification of A. israelii group D with serotypes 1 and 2 was verified. Eleven serotype 2 strains were compared morphologically, biochemically, and serologically with 53 serotype 1 strains. All but two of the serotype 2 strains produced viscous growth in broth and none fermented arabinose. tests. 873
Calculus specimens were examined by direct fluorescent antibody techniques and cultural procedures for the presence of gram-positive filamentous or diphtheroid bacteria. Actinomyces israelii, A viscosus, A naeslundii, Arachnia propionica, Rothia dentocariosa, Bacterionema matruchotii, and Corynebacterium acnes were observed in and cultured from the majority of specimens, with more than one species present in every specimen.Since fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques have been used to identify species of Actinomycesl-4 in pure culture and in clinical material,4 6 it seemed feasible to use this technique to demonstrate gram-positive filamentous and diphtheroid bacteria in oral specimens. Ritz7 used direct FA to localize oral Nocardia (Rothia) in paraffin sections of dental plaque. Subsequently, Snyder, Bullock, and Parker8 identified various filamentous bacteria in dental plaque by use of an indirect FA technique but without parallel cultural studies. The present study was designed to evaluate the direct FA technique for the identification of gram-positive filamentous bacteria in dental calculus. The organisms studied included 12 species in the genera Actinomyces, Arachnia, Bacterionema, Bifidobacterium, Rothia and Corynebacterium.
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