An azine based smart probe is developed for the naked eye and fluorescence recognition of I–. In both modes, the probe shows intense red color in the presence of I– in THF. Moreover, the probe shows solvent dependent multiple signaling, viz., green emission with Al3+ in aqueous methanol and ratiometric yellow emission with Zn2+ in DMSO. The structure of the hydrazine precursor of the probe has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray structure.The probe can detect as low as 1.2 × 10–7 M I–, 6.8 × 10–8 M Al3+, and 5.7 × 10–8 M Zn2+, whereas respective association constants are 3.6× 104 M–1, 5.2 × 104 M–1, and 7.9 × 104 M–1. Common ions do not interfere. Routine Al3+ and Zn2+ imaging in human breast cancer cell, MCF7, under fluorescence microscope has also been performed. The developed method is used for analysis of real samples.

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Pyridine-2,6-dimethanol shows a neutral, monoanionic and dianionic coordination behaviour with two different coordination modes viz. tridentate and bidentate towards Cu(ii), leading to three different geometric environments around Cu(ii) centers.

Naphthalene has emission in the ultraviolet (UV) region, limiting its trace level determination in biological and environmental samples due to detrimental effect of UV light on the living cell and interference from other substances having emission in the UV region. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer strategy is adopted for determination of traces naphthalene in the visible region. Significant improvement of lowest detection limit of naphthalene has been achieved through tuning of fluorescence resonance energy transfer efficiency. Anthranilic acid pyrene (ANP) conjugate provides lowest detection limit for naphthalene among three probes studied, viz. ANB, aniline- pyrene conjugate (APA) and ANP. ANP efficiently measures naphthalene content in river water. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.