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Ozone has been considered for the development of greener processes for hardwood and softwood pulps. This paper summarizes the results obtained using ozone bleaching on wheat straw pulp, followed by elemental chlorine free bleaching. This work evaluated the effect of introducing ozone bleaching on the optical properties of wheat straw pulp, along with the content of metal ions and hexenuronic acid in the pulp, pulp strength and morphological properties, as well as effluent properties. Introducing an ozone stage into the ECF bleaching sequence of wheat straw pulp improved pulp brightness by 2.5 units, pulp whiteness -by 4.0 units, while reducing the hexenuronic acid content by 21.6% and brightness reversion -by 34.8%, and allowed attaining physical strength and morphological properties comparable to those of the control. The introduction of the ozone treatment reduced the Fe, Cu and Mn content in the pulp by 6%, 11% and 31%, respectively. It also significantly reduced the COD in the bleaching filtrate by 41.2%, BOD -by 39.6%, colour level -by 57.9% and AOX -by 47.3%, compared to the control. The introduction of ozone prior to elemental chlorine free bleaching of wheat straw pulp was demonstrated to improve effluent quality, while yielding comparable pulp and paper properties.

Corn stalk was assessed in terms of its chemical constituents, pulping behavior, bleaching, morphological properties and physical strength properties. The effect of blending corn stalk pulp with wheat straw pulp on the physical strength properties of the resulting blend was studied for evaluating the potential of corn stalk to be used by agro-based paper industries. Corn stalk had alkali solubility of 41.8% and the following composition: 3.5% acetone extractives, 53.6% cellulose, 26.4% hemicelluloses and 20.0% Klason lignin. The requirement of alkali for obtaining unbleached pulp of kappa number 16.1 was 14.5% as NaOH, while using soda-anthraquinone pulping. A fairly good pulp yield of 53.7% and pulp viscosity of 26.0 cP were obtained for corn stalk. The pulp was easily bleached to the brightness of 88.4%, using the elemental chlorine free bleaching sequence D 0 E OP D. The bleached pulp had an average fibre length of 0.93 mm, width of 19.0 µm and viscosity of 21.1 cP. The physical strength properties of the bleached corn stalk pulp were superior, specifically tensile index, to those of unbleached pulp, perhaps because of the interference of residual lignin during fibrillation, as well as of poor fibre bonding in unbleached pulp refining and sheet making. Physical strength properties, such as tear, tensile, burst indices and double fold number, of wheat straw pulp improved by 5.5%, 13.9%, 22.1% and 57.6%, respectively, upon blending with 35% corn stalk pulp.

Background: Sweat excretion from eccrine sweat glands, is primarily considered for theromoregulation. It loses body heat by means of it is more active during exercise or hot environmental conditions. In Ayurveda, sweat (Sveda) is defined as the waste product of fat tissue (Meda Dhatu). Besides it is also linked to Pitta Dosha, responsible for all metabolic process in the body. Aim and Objective: Thus it is proposed that sweating regulates temperature but also reduces the metabolism. This may lead to loss of appetite, lesser energy and also compromised digestive potential (Jatharagani). Materials and Methods: This review initially focuses on the basic mechanisms of eccrine sweat secretion and its role in temperature regulation from Ayurveda as well as modern point of view followed by critical discussion of Ayurvedic concepts in the light of modern knowledge. Observations: In Ayurveda, collection, transportation and excretion of Sveda is under the regulation of Pita Dosh, Agni, Samana Vayu and Vyana Vayu through Svedavaha Srotas and Ambuvaha Srotas by Gati & Gyan. Scope and Limitations: This ayurvedic concept has revealed a clear and detail mechanism of temperature and appetite regulation by stomach, Rashdhatu and Lasika. They are taking an important role before the action of blood and sweating. The clinical trial should be done in future to make this concept completely valid.