Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in maintaining elasticity in cardiac tissues. Elasticity is required in the heart for properly pumping blood to the whole body. Dysregulated ECM remodeling causes fibrosis in the cardiac tissues. Cardiac fibrosis leads to stiffness in the heart tissues, resulting in heart failure. During cardiac fibrosis, ECM proteins get excessively deposited in the cardiac tissues. In the ECM, cardiac fibroblast proliferates into myofibroblast upon various kinds of stimulations. Fibroblast activation (myofibroblast) contributes majorly toward cardiac fibrosis. Other than cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, epithelial/endothelial cells, and immune system cells can also contribute to cardiac fibrosis. Alteration in the expression of the ECM core and ECM-modifier proteins causes different types of cardiac fibrosis. These different components of ECM culminated into different pathways inducing transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblast into myofibroblast. In this review, we summarize the role of different ECM components during cardiac fibrosis progression leading to heart failure. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of applying mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to understand the key changes occurring in the ECM during fibrotic progression. Next-gen proteomics studies will broaden the potential to identify key targets to combat cardiac fibrosis in order to achieve precise medicine-development in the future.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a multifaceted condition, often has salient features like insulin resistance (IR). Abnormal alternation in insulin synthesis and function usually alters PCOS expressivity by deviating molecular and biochemical activity underlying this pathophysiology.This review intends to unveil the molecular basis of the genetic polymorphism of IR and its correlation with PCOS. It also highlights the existing methods of IR estimation. Searching of different articles using keywords including PCOS, IR, and polymorphism in various databases was performed to illustrate the review article.POCS, and IR are complex and multifactorial conditions in terms of the contributing factors, their interactions, and expressivity. Further studies on diversified genotype responses to environmental and ethnic variances are required for precise understanding.Insulin resistance (IR) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are intricately interacted conditions that abnormally alter functions from genetic to organ system level. Complex gene-environment interactions make it difficult to understand the etiology and manifestation, and so diagnosis and management approaches of the heterogeneous pathophysiology are not foolproof. Further studies on genetic susceptibility related to ethnic distribution are essential for the implementation of personalized treatment of IR and PCOS.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The diversified expression pattern of this polygenic syndrome and its complex association with modulation in nutritional status, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters are still in puzzle. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the existing crosstalk by changing lifestyle management toward more home confinement as well as sedentary. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to understand the effect of altered dietary patterns, anthropometric parameters like various adiposity indices, and biochemical parameters related to hyperandrogenism (HA) on the penetrance of PCOS in a new normal situation. Design: PCOS individuals (n = 50) and their age- and gender (18–36 years)-matched healthy control (n = 50) were recruited in this study. Materials and methods: A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), a bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), and biochemical assays were used to estimate different indices of the participants. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, was applied for analyzing quantitative variables (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicate significance level). Results: Consumption of dietary fat (P < 0.01) and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals compared to the control one; 94% of PCOS patients were found to be under oligomenorrhea+polycystic ovaries (O+PCO) category. The body fat content (P < 0.01 and 0.05) along with androgen exposure (digit ratio2D:4D, P = 0.000) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals relative to the control group. HA was highly prevalent in the PCOS group where 100% of them manifested alopecia, and significant (P < 0.01) correlation between free testosterone (free T) and free sex-hormone-binding-globulin (free SHBG). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was strongly associated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P = 0.02) and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.041) in the same way as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with visceral adiposity index (VAI, P = 0.002) and lipid accumulation product (LAP, P = 0.014) index in PCOS individuals. Additionally, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was normally distributed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test = 0.20) in PCOS individuals. Conclusion: Abnormal alternation in dietary patterns and anthropometric and biochemical indices could be promising indicators for early detection and better prognosis of this multifaceted syndrome.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The diversified expression pattern of this multigenic syndrome and its complex association with modulation in nutritional status, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters are still in puzzle. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the existing crosstalk by changing lifestyle toward more home confinement as well as sedentary. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to understand the effect of altered dietary patterns, anthropometric parameters like various adiposity indices, and biochemical parameters related to hyperandrogenism (HA) on the penetrance of PCOS in a new normal situation. Design: PCOS individuals (n = 50) and their age and gender (18–36 years)-matched healthy control (n = 50) were recruited in this study. Materials and methods: Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), and biochemical assays were used to estimate different indices of the participants. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, was applied for analyzing quantitative variables (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicate significance level). Results: Consumption of dietary fat (P < 0.01) and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in PCOS individuals compared to the control one; 94% of PCOS patients were found to be under oligomenorrhea+polycystic ovaries (O+PCO) category. The body fat content (P < 0.01 and 0.05) along with intrauterine androgen exposure (digit ratio-2D:4D, P = 0.000) were significantly higher and lower respectively, in PCOS individuals relative to the control group. HA was highly prevalent in the PCOS group where 100% of them manifested alopecia, and significant (P < 0.01) correlation between free testosterone (free T) and free sex-hormone-binding-globulin (FSHBG) was also found. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was strongly associated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P = 0.02) and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.041) in the same way as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with visceral adiposity index (VAI, P = 0.002) and lipid accumulation product (LAP, P = 0.014) index in PCOS individuals. Additionally, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was normally distributed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test = 0.20) in PCOS individuals. Conclusion: Abnormal alternation in dietary patterns, and anthropometric and biochemical indices could be promising indicators for early detection and better prognosis of this multifaceted syndrome.
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