Worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 has resulted in various physiological manifestations mainly affecting the respiratory system and also the nervous system. Inflammation, a hallmark symptom of diseases links both COVID-19 and neurodegenerative disorders. COVID-19 infection resulted in immune responses like cytokine and chemokine production, and even cytokine storms (in severe cases), which lead to inflammation. Parkinson’s Disease (PD), characterised by motor difficulties is mainly due to α-synuclein aggregates and the disease is known to have dual instigations. In one way the central inflammation caused due to tissue injury, glial cell dysfunction and proinflammatory molecule production, resulting in Blood Brain Barrier leakage and in another way peripheral inflammation occurs due to altered gut microbiome after pathogen attack, producing inflammatory mediators. Inflammation being a potential threat for onset and progression of PD is the major concern of this article. Immediate effect of COVID-19 might be respiratory ailment and hypoxia might contribute to inflammation but the long-lasting effects are uncertain which might increase neurodegenerative diseases in future. Anti-inflammatory therapeutic interventions have already shown varied results for COVID-19 infections of various stages but its impact on PD is yet to be studied. Here, we have elucidated the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of PD and developing new therapeutic approach by targeting the inflammatory cascade.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The diversified expression pattern of this polygenic syndrome and its complex association with modulation in nutritional status, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters are still in puzzle. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the existing crosstalk by changing lifestyle management toward more home confinement as well as sedentary. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to understand the effect of altered dietary patterns, anthropometric parameters like various adiposity indices, and biochemical parameters related to hyperandrogenism (HA) on the penetrance of PCOS in a new normal situation. Design: PCOS individuals (n = 50) and their age- and gender (18–36 years)-matched healthy control (n = 50) were recruited in this study. Materials and methods: A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), a bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), and biochemical assays were used to estimate different indices of the participants. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, was applied for analyzing quantitative variables (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicate significance level). Results: Consumption of dietary fat (P < 0.01) and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals compared to the control one; 94% of PCOS patients were found to be under oligomenorrhea+polycystic ovaries (O+PCO) category. The body fat content (P < 0.01 and 0.05) along with androgen exposure (digit ratio2D:4D, P = 0.000) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals relative to the control group. HA was highly prevalent in the PCOS group where 100% of them manifested alopecia, and significant (P < 0.01) correlation between free testosterone (free T) and free sex-hormone-binding-globulin (free SHBG). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was strongly associated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P = 0.02) and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.041) in the same way as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with visceral adiposity index (VAI, P = 0.002) and lipid accumulation product (LAP, P = 0.014) index in PCOS individuals. Additionally, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was normally distributed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test = 0.20) in PCOS individuals. Conclusion: Abnormal alternation in dietary patterns and anthropometric and biochemical indices could be promising indicators for early detection and better prognosis of this multifaceted syndrome.
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The diversified expression pattern of this multigenic syndrome and its complex association with modulation in nutritional status, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters are still in puzzle. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the existing crosstalk by changing lifestyle toward more home confinement as well as sedentary. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to understand the effect of altered dietary patterns, anthropometric parameters like various adiposity indices, and biochemical parameters related to hyperandrogenism (HA) on the penetrance of PCOS in a new normal situation. Design: PCOS individuals (n = 50) and their age and gender (18–36 years)-matched healthy control (n = 50) were recruited in this study. Materials and methods: Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), and biochemical assays were used to estimate different indices of the participants. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, was applied for analyzing quantitative variables (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicate significance level). Results: Consumption of dietary fat (P < 0.01) and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in PCOS individuals compared to the control one; 94% of PCOS patients were found to be under oligomenorrhea+polycystic ovaries (O+PCO) category. The body fat content (P < 0.01 and 0.05) along with intrauterine androgen exposure (digit ratio-2D:4D, P = 0.000) were significantly higher and lower respectively, in PCOS individuals relative to the control group. HA was highly prevalent in the PCOS group where 100% of them manifested alopecia, and significant (P < 0.01) correlation between free testosterone (free T) and free sex-hormone-binding-globulin (FSHBG) was also found. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was strongly associated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P = 0.02) and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.041) in the same way as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with visceral adiposity index (VAI, P = 0.002) and lipid accumulation product (LAP, P = 0.014) index in PCOS individuals. Additionally, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was normally distributed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test = 0.20) in PCOS individuals. Conclusion: Abnormal alternation in dietary patterns, and anthropometric and biochemical indices could be promising indicators for early detection and better prognosis of this multifaceted syndrome.
Background: Genetic polymorphisms emerge as one of the major contributing factors behind the variability in disease development and pathogenesis as well as drug response in individuals. Fortunately, in the last few decades, a range of technological advancements eased the way for polymorphic studies to reveal the association between genetic polymorphisms like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) and human diseases. Starting from Mendelian inheritance to recent Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies not only helped to understand human disease biology better, but also paved the way towards personalised therapy by studying individual drug/therapy responses based on genetic makeup (mutation/variant) of individuals. Method: Literature mining from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Medline databases using keywords like ‘polymorphism’, ‘genetic polymorphism’, ‘SNP’, ‘VNTR’, ‘CNV’. Result: The massively parallel sequencing capability of the NGS facilitates clinicians towards therapeutic decisions and aids follow-up of patients by identifying minimal residual disease. However, this is just the beginning of the era of targeted and personalised therapy and the scientific world, only able to touch the tip of the iceberg, much focus is needed to develop more user-friendly and cost-effective technologies to reach more patients along with the development of much simpler and robust statistical methodologies to handle or interpret big data.
Context: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic and multifactorial endocrinopathy. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is found to be interlinked with insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, and obesity in PCOS. Aims: To find out the correlation of VDD with IR and dyslipidemia in PCOS population of West Bengal (WB). Settings and Design: The study was conducted in and around Kolkata, WB with PCOS patients and their age-matched controls. Materials and Methods: Nutritional status, vitamin D profile, obesity indices, and IR index of both PCOS and control groups were studied. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis was performed to estimate the difference and correlation of quantitative variables by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20, IBM). Results: Dietary fat and carbohydrate intake was significantly higher in PCOS individuals relative to recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and the control group. Deficiency of serum 25-OH vitamin D (VDD) is evident in both the control and PCOS groups. However, the prevalence of IR among PCOS patients is significantly higher (64%) than in control (4%), and it is significantly correlated with VDD (P < 0.01). homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance is found to be a comorbidity of dyslipidemia in PCOS patients. Conclusions: VDD, IR, and obesity potentially aggravate the phenotypic manifestations of PCOS. VDD in the control individuals of young age might be an alarming forecast for the development of PCOS in future life.
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