A first trimester scan may reveal the presence of placenta accreta. Absence of the anterior uterine wall during caesarean section: An unexpected placenta accreta that was treated conservatively

Abstract

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS is a complex endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age. The diversified expression pattern of this polygenic syndrome and its complex association with modulation in nutritional status, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters are still in puzzle. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the existing crosstalk by changing lifestyle management toward more home confinement as well as sedentary. Aims and objectives: This study aimed to understand the effect of altered dietary patterns, anthropometric parameters like various adiposity indices, and biochemical parameters related to hyperandrogenism (HA) on the penetrance of PCOS in a new normal situation. Design: PCOS individuals (n = 50) and their age- and gender (18–36 years)-matched healthy control (n = 50) were recruited in this study. Materials and methods: A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), a bioimpedance analyzer (BIA), and biochemical assays were used to estimate different indices of the participants. Statistical analysis: IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), Version 20.0, Armonk, NY, was applied for analyzing quantitative variables (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 indicate significance level). Results: Consumption of dietary fat (P < 0.01) and carbohydrates (P < 0.05) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals compared to the control one; 94% of PCOS patients were found to be under oligomenorrhea+polycystic ovaries (O+PCO) category. The body fat content (P < 0.01 and 0.05) along with androgen exposure (digit ratio2D:4D, P = 0.000) was significantly higher in PCOS individuals relative to the control group. HA was highly prevalent in the PCOS group where 100% of them manifested alopecia, and significant (P < 0.01) correlation between free testosterone (free T) and free sex-hormone-binding-globulin (free SHBG). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was strongly associated with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR, P = 0.02) and body mass index (BMI, P = 0.041) in the same way as homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) with visceral adiposity index (VAI, P = 0.002) and lipid accumulation product (LAP, P = 0.014) index in PCOS individuals. Additionally, the triglyceride glucose (TyG) index was normally distributed (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test = 0.20) in PCOS individuals. Conclusion: Abnormal alternation in dietary patterns and anthropometric and biochemical indices could be promising indicators for early detection and better prognosis of this multifaceted syndrome.