Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)s are characterized by their acute growth inhibition by heparin and heparan sulfates; however, recently the isolation of VSMCs which display greatly diminished sensitivity to the antiproliferative action of heparin have been reported. These heparin resistant (HR) VSMCs have been derived through multiple passage of normal rat VSMCs in culture media containing high heparin doses, by transformation of VSMCs with oncogene-containing vectors, or have been isolated from vascular tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats, healthy humans, or humans with restenosis where their presence is not limited to sites of injury. Initial characterizations of HR VSMCs are reviewed, and here we propose a definition of HR VSMCs. To date the mechanisms underlying heparin insensitivity remain elusive. Further study of HR VSMCs may expand our understanding of cell growth regulation by heparin, establish whether HR VSMCs contribute to the reported failure of heparin to combat restenosis in humans, and identify cellular mechanisms driving certain vascular proliferative diseases.
Research has shown that social and emotional learning (SEL) can benefit students in affective, interpersonal, communicative, and academic realms. However, teachers integrating SEL face a variety of logistical, pedagogical, and skill development challenges, including how to effectively facilitate classroom conversations on social justice and personal loss. This article draws from classroom observations, teacher conversations, interactive journals, and field notes to describe a seven-month-long university-school partnership to carry out an action research project in a high-poverty rural elementary school in the US. Teachers grappled with how to address race, immigration, and gender discrimination in a predominantly White community. Classroom vignettes, and teacher and author reflections, illustrate the iterative, developmental, and reciprocal aspects of learning between teachers and students, and between the university-based facilitator and teachers.
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