Introduction Medicinal plants have been utilized to treat various ailments all over the world, although specific to every region [1]. Regarded as a natural treasurer, these sources are plentiful and can be utilized in galenical products in a safe, standardized, and effective manner with subsequent use in primary health care facilities [2]. History has revealed that humans have been benefiting from these herbal consecrations for almost 60,000 years and they can be consumed either directly or in the form of the active constituent isolated from them [3]. As of today, an estimated 50,000 medicinal plant species have afforded health benefits to approximately 80% of the world's population [4]. Pakistan, with climatic variations and rich soil, offers the finest conditions for the growth of flora across the country. It is estimated that about 12% of the flora in Pakistan is used for medicinal purposes, while some of them are exported [5]. Almost 6000 plant species have been discovered in Pakistan, of which 1000 are used for medicinal purpose [6]. It has also been estimated that 70% of the total species are uniregional and about 30% are bi-or pluriregional. The country has four phytogeographical regions, comprising Irano-Turanian (45% of the species), Sino-Himalayan (10%), Saharo-Sindian (9.5%), and the Indian element (6%) [7]. Olea ferruginea R, locally known as Indian olive or Kahoo [8], a well-known medicinally important plant, is widely distributed in different areas of Pakistan, such as Swat valley, Salt Range, Soon valley, the western hills of Balochistan, lower hills of Azad Kashmir, Waziristan, Dir, Chitral, and Murree Hills [9]. The genus Olea includes around 30 to 40 species that are distributed in Oceania, Asia, Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin [10]. Numerous reports have suggested that different parts of Olea ferruginea R have many traditional uses, such as the leaves, which are used to treat bleeding gums, gonorrhea, whooping cough, skin problems, skeleton-muscular problems, and tooth ache, while its bark is used to treat fever [11,12] and the dried fruit has an antidiabetic effect [13]. Additionally, the olive oil extracted from its fruit and seeds reduces swelling and pain related to rheumatoid arthritis [14]. The leaves of Olea ferruginea R possess glucose lowering and
Objective: To assess the relationship of oral pathologies associated with second molars to the patterns of adjacent impacted third molar. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on 385 Orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients. The study was conducted in the Institute of Dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore, Sharif Medical and Dental College (SMDC) and Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) over a period of three months from December 2020 to February 2021. The Pell and Gregory classification was used for depth of third molar impaction and ramus relationship of mandibular third molars. Winter`s classification was used for classifying the angle of impaction. Results: The association between presence of caries (p=≤0.001) and external resorption (p=≤0.001) in second mandibular molar with depth of impaction of adjacent an impacted third molar, ramus relationship of third molar with presence of external root resorption in second molar (p=≤0.001) and presence of caries (p=0.005), periapical radiolucencies (p=0.009) and external root resorption (p=≤0.001) in second molar with the angle of impacted third molar were significant. The association of presence of caries, pericoronal, periapical radiolucencies and external root resorption in the maxillary second molars with the depth and angle of adjacent impacted third molars was not significant. Conclusion: The carious lesions were the highest where the third molar had class A depth of impaction while the maximum external resorption was seen where the third molar had class C depth of impaction. Second mandibular molars adjacent to impacted third molars in class 2 ramus relationship had the most external root resorption. It was seen that second molars adjacent to the impacted third molars with mesioangular impactions had the highest percentage of caries and periapical radiolucencies while those adjacent to third molars with horizontal angle of impaction showed the maximum external root resorption. Keywords: Second molars, impacted third molars, pericoronal radiolucency, periapical radiolucency, external root resorption, caries
OBJECTIVES To find the impact of agreeable personality trait on oral parafunctional habits.METHODOLOGY A Cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Sharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore, over 5 months, from July to November 2021. Data was collected using medical questionnaire and ten item personality inventory scale (TIPI). Kruskal Wallis test was to find the difference in the scores of agreeable personality trait across groups of oral parafunctional habits.RESULTSThere was a statistically significant difference in the agreeable personality trait across the parafunctional habits of tooth grinding (p=0.023) and biting on hard objects (p=0.013). A non-significant difference was seen in the personality trait across the habits of nail biting (p=0.495), tooth clenching (p=0.097) and habit of chewing gum (p=0.371). CONCLUSION The individuals who disagreed to having the habit of tooth grinding had the highest score for agreeableness and the least was seen in those who neither agreed nor disagreed to having the habit. The personality trait was the most prevalent in individuals who strongly agreed to having the habit of biting on hard objects and the least in those who agreed to having the habit.
Levetiracetam may be an effective and safer alternative to phenytoin as a second-line intravenous anticonvulsant for the treatment of juvenile convulsive status epilepticus. Objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of Levitriacetam and Phenytoin as combination therapy in infants presented with status epilepticus. Material and Methods: In this cross observational sectional study (01-02-2020 to 31-07-2020) at department of pediatrics mayo hospital Lahore. study the infants were enrolled of either gender and age less than 1 year that were suffering from a seizure with 5 minutes or more of continuous clinical seizure activity or recurrent seizure activity without recovery between seizures.Then these cases were started with both Phenytoin (Loading: 15 - 20 mg/kg IV *Maintenance: 5 - 8 mg/kg/d) and Levitriacetam (Loading dose5 10 mg/kg IV and Maintenance dose 10 – 30 mg/kg/dose q12 hours ) and were observed daily to look for fits. Efficacy was labelled as yes where there were no fits for 48 hours after the treatment. Results: In this study there were total 120 cases and out of these 74 (61.67%) were males and 46 (38.33%) females. Mean age of the subjects was 4.57±3.97 months. Mean duration of symptoms was 2.23±1.47 days. Out of 120, tonic clonic seizures were noted in 78 (65%) of the cases and 30 (25%) of the cases had family history of epilepsy. Efficacy was noted in 84 (70%) of the cases. Conclusion: Combination of Levetriacetam and Phenytoin is highly efficacious in infants presented with status epilepticus. Keywords; Levetriacetam, Phenytoin, Status epilepticus, Fits, Infantile seizures
Objective: To determine the association of family environment with childhood obesity. Methodology: This case control study was conducted in Public and Private schools of Lahore city and was analyzed in Department of Community Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore from November 2015 to May 2016.Students having age 8 to 10 years studying in grade 4 and 5 were selected for this study. Results: After compiling the results, it was noted that childhood obesity was associated with parental BMI, eating between regular meals, TV viewing >4hours/day and physical activity <20min/day. Conclusion: Results of this study revealed that childhood obesity is associated with risk factors of family environment (parental BMI, eating between regular meals, TV viewing >4hours/day and physical activity <20min/day).
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