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In recent years, severe viral infections have emerged, and antiviral chemotherapeutic agents are not adequately effective in curing these infections, leading to serious human diseases and loss of life. Consequently, a novel antiviral is urgently needed, which undoubtedly essential for the therapy of various fatal and debilitating viral infections. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives occupy a pivotal position in modern medicinal chemistry and have been incorporated in numerous clinical drugs, including antiviral drugs. To my best knowledge, there are few review articles exclusively handling 1,2,4-triazole scaffold with the antiviral potential. This review aims to figure out recent perspectives and advances of 1,2,4-triazole nucleus roles in various kinds of antiviral agents over the past decade, with some examples of rational design and some structure-activity relationships. This review will hopefully provide perception into especially powerful compounds as lead structures and help in the rational design and development of novel 1,2,4-triazolebased compounds with strong anti-virus efficacy.

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As a continuation of our research on developing anticancer agents and based on the proven proprieties of thieno[2,3-b]pyridines as anticancer, we have designed to synthesize novel thieno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives that incorporate different biologically active heterocycles through various chemical reactions.All of the newly obtained compounds, compared with the standard anticancer drug (doxorubicin), were screened in vitro for their antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. The results revealed that compounds 3, 7, 12, and 19 were found to be the most potent against both HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines exhibiting IC 50 values ranging from 3.67 to 11.50 and 5.13 to 11.80 μg/mL, respectively, among which compound 7 has a more potent activity than the reference drug doxorubicin against HepG-2 cell line, showing IC 50 value of 3.67 μg/mL (doxorubicin 4.65 μg/mL).

As a continuation of our research on developing anticancer agents and based on the proven proprieties of thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines as anticancer, we have designed to synthesize novel thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine derivatives that incorporate different biologically active heterocycles through various chemical reactions. All of the newly obtained compounds, compared with the standard anticancer drug (doxorubicin), were screened in vitro for their antitumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG‐2) and human breast cancer (MCF‐7) cell lines. The results revealed that compounds 3, 7, 12, and 19 were found to be the most potent against both HepG‐2 and MCF‐7 cell lines exhibiting IC50 values ranging from 3.67 to 11.50 and 5.13 to 11.80 μg/mL, respectively, among which compound 7 has a more potent activity than the reference drug doxorubicin against HepG‐2 cell line, showing IC50 value of 3.67 μg/mL (doxorubicin 4.65 μg/mL).

A series of [1]benzothieno[2,3- c ]pyridines was synthesised. Most compounds were chosen by NCI-USA to evaluate their anticancer activity. Compounds 5a–c showed prominent growth inhibition against most cell lines. 5c was selected at five dose concentration levels. It exhibited potent broad-spectrum anticancer activity with a GI 50 of 4 nM–37 µM. Cytotoxicity of 5a–c was further evaluated against prostate, renal, and breast cancer cell lines. 5c showed double and quadruple the activity of staurosporine and abiraterone, respectively, against the PC-3 cell line with IC 50 2.08 µM. The possible mechanism of anti-prostate cancer was explored via measuring the CYP17 enzyme activity in mice prostate cancer models compared to abiraterone. The results revealed that 5c suppressed the CYP17 enzyme to 15.80 nM. Moreover, it was found to be equipotent to abiraterone in testosterone production. Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis were performed. Additionally, the ADME profile of compound 5c demonstrated both good oral bioavailability and metabolic stability.

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Two series of cyanopyrimidine hybrids were synthesized bearing either benzo[d]imidazole, benzo[d]oxazole, benzo[d]thiazole, and benzo[b]thiophene derivatives via methylene amino linker 3a-3d (Formula A) or various sulphonamide phenyl moieties 5a-5d (Formula B) at the C-2 position. All compounds’ cyclooxygenase COX-2 inhibitory activities were evaluated, and all synthesized compounds demonstrated potent activity at minimal concentrations, with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. Compounds 3b, 5b, and 5d were discovered to be the most active pyrimidine derivatives, with the highest COX-2 percent inhibition and IC50 values being nearly equal to Celecoxib and approximately 4.7-, 9.3-, and 10.5-fold higher than Nimesulide. Furthermore, the pyrimidine derivatives 3b, 5b, and 5d demonstrated anticancer activity comparable to or better than doxorubicin against four cell lines, i.e., MCF-7, A549, A498, and HepG2, with IC50 values in nanomolar in addition to low cytotoxicity on the normal W38-I cell line. The effect of compound 5d on cell cycle progression and apoptosis induction was investigated, and it was found that compound 5d could seize cell growth at the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, as well as increase the proportion of early and late apoptotic rates in MCF-7 cells by nearly 13- and 60-fold, respectively. Moreover, in silico studies for compounds 3b, 5b, and 5d revealed promising findings, such as strong GIT absorption, absence of BBB permeability, nil-to-low drug–drug interactions, good oral bioavailability, and optimal physicochemical properties, indicating their potential as promising therapeutic candidates.