The present study aims to analyze the causative factors which are responsible for the use of a stimulant drug methamphetamine which is commonly known as ice. For this purpose, data were collected from the two districts, i.e. Peshawar and Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A conceptual framework consists of Independent variable (ice use frequency) and dependent variables (risk factors). Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 180 ice users by a snowball sampling technique. A Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between independent and dependent variables. The results reveal that a significant (p=0.05) association was found between various risk factors, i.e. easy availability, friends insistence, try out new experiences/curiosity, and use of ice for exam preparation with frequent use of ice. The study recommends that awareness may be created through educational, religious institution and media for the prevention and rehabilitation of ice addiction.
The current study aims to analyze the withdrawal effects (i.e. psychological and physiological) of methamphetamine on addicts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A sample of 180 methamphetamine users was interviewed through an interview schedule by snowball sampling technique. For testing the association between an independent variable (i.e. methamphetamine withdrawal) and dependent variables (i.e. psychological and physiological effects) a Chi-square test was administered. The result illustrates that most of them were youngsters up to 30 years of age, and males and single populations were more exposed to the drug. A significant association were found between methamphetamine/ice withdrawal and psychological effects and physiological effects i.e. fatigue, craving, aggression, depression, irritability, lethargy, poor concentration, sleepiness disorder, psychosis/ hallucinations, loss of pleasure, physical weakness, headaches body pain, watery eyes, runny nose, fatigue, lethargy, dry mouth, diarrhoea and body temperature. The study establishes that methamphetamine/ice is a toxic stimulant drug when a person uses it regularly he/she will face multiple psychological and physical effects when they want to withdraw. The study recommends that government should aware the mass about the toxicity of the drug through mass media and social media and arrange seminars in academic institutions and communities.
Methamphetamine is a toxic and powerful drug which is popularly known as 'ice' in Pakistan. The use of ice has increased in the last decade in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan. Objective: The objective of the current qualitative study was to explore the impact of methamphetamine on the social and economic condition of addicts in KP, Pakistan. Method: A total of 14 Anti Narcotic Force and Drug Rehabilitation Centers officials were selected through a purposive sampling technique, in Peshawar, Pakistan. For the collection of data, a self-designed interview guide was used. Results: The study found that the addicts faced multiple social and economic problems which includes social stigma, breakage of social relationships or isolation, selling of own valuables, stealing of valuables and becoming a drug peddler to finance his/her drug habit. Conclusions: The study recommends that the government may aware the public about the toxicity and misconceptions of methamphetamine use and family also may play a significant role in the prevention of methamphetamine use.
The current study was aimed to analyze the Pakhtun cultural constraints in the way of female higher education. For this purpose, the data was collected through a survey instrument by snowball sampling and selected 384 respondents from Malakand division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS. A Chi-Square test was applied in order to find out the association between independent (Pakhtun culture) and a dependent variable (low female higher education). The results show that there is a high and significant relationship between the low ratio of female higher education and sub-dimensions of Pakhtun culture i.e. early puberty, conservatism, Pardah, home related factors, Son preference, male dominancy, lack of freedom of expression for female, early/child marriage, noninvolvement of female in decision making, spending money of parents but benefits goes to husband family, non-acceptance of co-education, living in hostel of female and cultural interpretation of religion are various risk factors for low female higher education in Pakhtun society. The study recommends that the government should focus on women education, create awareness regarding female education and provide better educational facilities and incentives for women. Besides, more employment opportunities should be created to enhance female higher education.
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