The present study aims to analyze the causative factors which are responsible for the use of a stimulant drug methamphetamine which is commonly known as ice. For this purpose, data were collected from the two districts, i.e. Peshawar and Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A conceptual framework consists of Independent variable (ice use frequency) and dependent variables (risk factors). Data was collected through a structured questionnaire from a sample of 180 ice users by a snowball sampling technique. A Chi-square test was applied to examine the association between independent and dependent variables. The results reveal that a significant (p=0.05) association was found between various risk factors, i.e. easy availability, friends insistence, try out new experiences/curiosity, and use of ice for exam preparation with frequent use of ice. The study recommends that awareness may be created through educational, religious institution and media for the prevention and rehabilitation of ice addiction.
This paper reflects the impacts of modernization on the social status of senior citizens in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The Pakhtun culture dominated by patriarchal traditional values embedded in the Pakhtunwali is under the influence of modernization. To know the impact of modernization on the social status of senior citizens in Pakhtun culture, data was collected through in-depth interviews/ interview guide in Hayatabad district Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa .The respondents were identified through purposive sampling technique. The traditional status of elders is rapidly changing owing to the changing trends in attitudes, familial relations, individualism, women empowerment and migration as attributes of modernity and technological advancement. This change of the traditional structure puts immense pressure on the economic status of senior citizens. Thus due to the weakening of traditional authority, mutual support system and lack of pension schemes, senior citizens are now on one hand confronted with poverty and lower economic positions while on the other hand they are unable to catch up with the changing circumstances. Further, low economic position of the senior citizens is intertwined with other problems such as non-involvement in the decision making processes at home, abuse and torment, ageism, inappropriate medication and care, substandard diet and accommodation.
The current study aims to analyze the withdrawal effects (i.e. psychological and physiological) of methamphetamine on addicts in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A sample of 180 methamphetamine users was interviewed through an interview schedule by snowball sampling technique. For testing the association between an independent variable (i.e. methamphetamine withdrawal) and dependent variables (i.e. psychological and physiological effects) a Chi-square test was administered. The result illustrates that most of them were youngsters up to 30 years of age, and males and single populations were more exposed to the drug. A significant association were found between methamphetamine/ice withdrawal and psychological effects and physiological effects i.e. fatigue, craving, aggression, depression, irritability, lethargy, poor concentration, sleepiness disorder, psychosis/ hallucinations, loss of pleasure, physical weakness, headaches body pain, watery eyes, runny nose, fatigue, lethargy, dry mouth, diarrhoea and body temperature. The study establishes that methamphetamine/ice is a toxic stimulant drug when a person uses it regularly he/she will face multiple psychological and physical effects when they want to withdraw. The study recommends that government should aware the mass about the toxicity of the drug through mass media and social media and arrange seminars in academic institutions and communities.
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