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Sex-segregated structure and conservative attitudes impede women’s participation in public-space activities in the Pakhtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, particularly in the District Dir Upper. In this region, women’s political participation and voting are viewed as sinful, against the local traditions, and punitive. This paper aims to explore women’s perceptions of factors barring their political participation in district Dir Upper, Pakistan. Data for the study were collected from 200 registered women voters from various age groups and social background in different union councils of district Dir Upper in 2016. The results reveal that entrenched patriarchal norms, misogynist attitudes, gendered secluded norms, shame and stigma factor, fear of victimization, and lack of support and facilities from the government and political parties have significant association (P=0.000) with women’s political participation and voting. As a way forward, to ensure women’s maximum political participation and their uninterrupted voting turn out, this study makes several recommendations.

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Purpose of the study: Social media and online social media sources play a vital role in our daily routine life. This study's main purpose was to highlight the role of Twitter in English language learning proficiency development at the university level. Methodology: In the study, the researcher analyzed the perception of EFL learners regarding the effectiveness of Twitter in English language learning proficiency at the university level by taking data from sampled respondents through a self-developed questionnaire on a 5-Points Likert scale. John Curry's (1984) sample size rule of thumb, convenient sampling technique, validity, and reliability of the research instrument were ensured in the study. Main Findings: The key findings of the current study revealed that in social media, Twitter has a high positive role in promoting, polishing, and developing English Language learning by using computers, laptops, or smartphones for the teaching-learning process in this regard. The study's main findings indicated that Twitter is very helpful to facilitate teachers and learners regarding the development of the English language as a second language. Applications of this study: The current study may be highly significant and effective for students, parents, teachers, the public, policymakers, and the government to apply it for developing language proficiency via the practical use of Twitter. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study will be a quite novel and original way of promoting and developing language proficiency by using media resources, especially Twitter, to attain the desired objectives, i.e., developing language proficiency via Twitter.

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Child labour is amongst one of the largest & foremost confronts for the accomplishment of the Education for All Goals in our country Pakistan. The in-hand article is an effort regarding prevailing situation of Child Labour in Pakistan & its inverse effects on the development towards the achievement of the EFA Goals. This article reached the conclusion that Child Labour is often caused as a result of the culture, attitude, commitment & priorities of the society & the states which not only has increased the number of Child Labourers but has become a strong & rigid obstacle to the EFA Goals, particularly, for young children. Though the Pakistani states has shown its full dedication to the EFA map, nevertheless, futile execution of procedure, rapid change in political setups, cultural constraints, lack of qualified teachers, missing of basic infrastructure facilities, insecurity, lawlessness, natural disasters, lack of commitment towards girls education, priorities in Govt budgetary allocation, lack of literacy awareness campaigns, gender discrimination & lack of reforms in the education sector are some of the key confronts. Skirmishing Child Labour & the attainment of EFA should be one the most desired & preferred Goals in Pakistan. So, Pakistani states requires comprehensive & inclusive efforts at all levels, i.e., individual, family, society & the states levels especially private sector & all other stakeholders should come forward on emergency basis to boost EFA & to remove the evil of Child Labour from the Pakistani society forever.