Objective:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gallstones are frequently present in diabetics, but its exact prevalence is not well studied in India. We have done a prevalence study of hepatobiliary involvement in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also studied the other risk factors of NAFLD.Materials and Methods:Two hundred diabetics and 200 controls underwent anthropometric measurements, abdominal ultrasonography, (USG) and biochemical tests at a tertiary care hospital. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done.Results:One hundred and thirty (65%) diabetics and 47 (23.50%) controls were having USG evidence of fatty liver (odds ratio [OR] = 6.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.904–9.363 [P < 0.0001]). Raised liver enzymes were present in 42 (21%) diabetics and 16 (8%) controls [OR = 3.057, 95% CI: 1.654–5.648 [P < 0.004]). Gallstones were present in 32 (16%) diabetics and 10 (5%) controls (OR = 2.825; 95% CI: 1.850–4.315 P < 0.0001). In addition, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly more in diabetics, but lipid profile was not significantly deranged as compared to controls. Then, all patients with fatty liver were compared with patients with normal liver, and we found that fatty liver group was having raised BMI, WC, liver enzymes, and more dyslipidemia. Multivariate analysis was done which shows the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC as independent risk factors of fatty liver.Conclusion:The prevalence of NAFLD and gallstones was higher in diabetics as compared to healthy population. In addition, the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC are independent predictors of NAFLD.
Background: Hypertension prevalence is related to dietary sodium chloride intake. People are consuming much more sodium than is physiologically necessary. The consumption of processed food in urban India has led to a prevalence of 24%–30% of hypertension. The people have a special liking of such type of foods. This study aimed at assessing consumption of sodium among the study subjects to compare habitual additional consumption of sodium among hypertensive and normotensive patients and to find its associate factors impacting hypertension. Materials and Methods: The hospital based, cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient department of general medicine. The sample size was 520 patients. Habitual additional intake of each patient was assessed by a food frequency table. Results: As the age advances, the proportion of hypertensive patients increases ( P < 0.05). Among hypertensive patients, 38.65% were not doing exercise ( P < 0.05). The body mass index >25 was found among 11.92% normotensives and among 25.38% hypertensives ( P < 0.05). There were 23% of hypertensive patients who could not receive dietary advice ( P < 0.05). Habitual additional sodium consumption is more among 15–25 years age group ( P < 0.05). Habitual additional sodium intake mean for those who were taking a pinch of salt is higher ( P < 0.05). Habitual additional sodium intake is found to be significantly impacted by younger age, diagnosis, and lack of dietary advice ( P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05). Conclusion: Most of the age groups are consuming more than 2 g habitual additional sodium which is more than the World Health Organization-recommended maximum levels. The dietary advice was given to hypertensives that had a positive impact on habitual additional sodium intake.
Background: In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), admission hyperglycemia is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in patients. Objective: To assess the prognostic value of stress hyperglycemia for the in-hospital outcome of patients admitted due to ACS. Methods: This study was conducted on 100 patients admitted with Acute Myocardial Infarction in a tertiary care hospital. Patients were categorized according to their blood sugar level stress hyperglycemia present and absent. Results: 64% of the patients were diagnosed with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction NSTEMI and 36% were diagnosed with STEMI. Lesions most frequently (84.9%) in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) followed by right coronary artery 65% followed by Circumflex artery (54%) followed by Left Main Coronary Artery (3%). Death in stress hyperglycemia group was four times that of those who were not having hyperglycemia. Conclusion: Stress hyperglycemia is an independent predictive factor for in-hospital complications after ACS. The results highlight the need to assess admission blood glucose concentration in all patients admitted due to ACS, including nondiabetic ones, aiming at identifying those at higher risk for complications.
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