Many feed industries in various parts of the country have been producing and marketing different types of compound feeds. The source of feed ingredients also varies greatly which will ultimately lead to the variation in the quality of finished products. Altogether 493 samples of 50 different feed ingredients and compound feed were collected from Baglung, Baitadi, Banke, Chitwan, Darchula, Dolakha, Dolpa, Gorkha, Ilam, Jhapa, Kathmandu, Kaski, Lalitpur, Lamjung, Morang, Mahottary, Makwanpur, Myagdi, Nawal Parasi, Parbat, Parsa, Rasuwa, Rupandehi, Sankhuwasava, Sunsari, Saptari, Sarlahi, Sindhupalchok, Siraha, Syangja and Tanahun districts. Highest content of dry matter (99.51%), organic matter (98.45%), total ash (98.14%) and crude protein (67.85%) was recorded for oyster cell, white maize grain, oyster cell and meat meal respectively. Similarly, the rice husk was found to be superior in crude fibre content (34.46%) In terms of mineral oyster cell was found to be superior in calcium content (35.94%) and bone meal in phosphorous content (1.59%) as compared to other feed ingredients.
A529remain at year 2013 level, and these were then combined with official population forecasts. Results: Altogether 160,952 individuals (81% of all inhabitants) had at least one healthcare contact during the follow up. Primary and secondary healthcare services had been used by 155,631 and 59,589 patients, respectively. The average annual cost per patient was 1,853€ . The average cost in primary and secondary healthcare was 808€ and 2,895€ , respectively. Variation was wide across the different ages (Primary healthcare, range: 346€ -5,645€ ; Secondary healthcare, range: 1,282€ -4,474€ ). Due to aging of the population only, according to the future projections, in the year 2025, the total primary healthcare costs are 21% and secondary healthcare costs 14% higher than in 2013. ConClusions: With respect to costs, aging of the population affects primary healthcare more than specialized healthcare. Thus, the healthcare utilization should be regarded as one entity taking into account both primary and secondary healthcare services. If the overall treatment process, from primary care to secondary care and sometimes back to primary care, is not taken in to account, this will lead to suboptimal decision making.
Due to its geographical origin, varied physiographic conditions, and favorable climate, Bihar is one of India's states with the most biodiversity. It is well-known because of its indigenous populations and abundant forest resources. Bihar is home to tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry deciduous forests consisting of main plant species like Shorea robusta, Anogeisuss latifolia, Terminalia tomentosa, Diospyros melanoxylon, Pterocarpus marsupium, Butea monosperma, Madhuca longifolia, etc. Timber, fuel wood, fodder, and a variety of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) such as fruits, nuts, edible fungus, vegetables, fish, animals, medicinal plants, resins, essences, and a variety of barks and fibres like bamboo, rattans, palms, and grasses are all commonly extracted forest products. Some of the serious threats endangering the current populations of significant plants include over-exploitation of useful plants, a lack of knowledge and awareness about the status of the plants' current populations. Researchers' collection of plant materials, particularly rare and endangered plant species, from natural settings for diverse experimental reasons also endangers the species' wild populations. To meet the increasing demand for these precious resources while also ensuring their long-term sustainability, efforts should be made to cultivate and multiply them on a vast scale. Research on the spatial distribution patterns, habitat utilization patterns, feeding ecology, and effects of herbivores on significant plant populations is urgently needed.
Background: The diabetic condition is influenced by several factors, some of which can accelerate the disease's progression to various complications that aggravate the morbidity. Aims: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components and the most critical predictive risk factors of MetS in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and was conducted at the outpatient and inpatient departments at Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences and Post Graduate Institute, from April 2021 to September 2022. The study involved the use of a questionnaire to obtain some information on the diabetics, undertaking anthropometric measurements, as well as collecting blood samples for the measurement of some biochemical parameters; fasting blood glucose and lipid profile. MetS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results:The study population comprised 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, made up of 33 males (33%) and 67 females (67%). The overall mean age of the population was 51.31 (SEM = 0.97) years the prevalence of MetS was 58% in the studied population. For the overall population, hypertension was the commonest component (60%) of the MetS, followed by high waist circumference, or central obesity. Female type 2 diabetics had a higher prevalence of MetS, and carried more components than their male counterparts. Conclusion: With hypertension being the commonest component, future cardiovascular disease prevention strategies should focus attention on its management and prevention, through education.
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