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Intensive fish culturing systems depend on provides optimal water quality conditions. Hence, the most important aquaculture practices are the removal of contamination elements related not only to the water quality parameters unacceptable for aquatic species but also to the undesirable effect on the health of fish and consumers. During the last three decades, common applications and production of pesticides have amplified progressively. Due to the excessive use of imidacloprid as a highly effective insecticide, elevated accumulation is expected in an aquatic environment. A large part of applied pesticides emitted into the environment and only a small portion of them reach the final biological target, where it caused several hazards, such as accumulation and toxicity to non‐target creatures. Plant‐derived secondary metabolites are getting great attention due to their safety and therapeutic functions. Also, several feed additives in animal diets can act as chemopreventive agents, which have the potential to decrease the toxicity risk of many pollutants and detoxification of activated metabolites. Understanding the internal action mechanisms of various safe feed additives could lead to the novel therapeutic approaches for acute and chronic pesticide toxicity. This review intends to summarize how safe feed additives alter or mitigate the toxic effects of imidacloprid in farmed fish.

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The existing study was designed to assess the influences of dietary activated charcoal (AC) on the growth performance, immune responses, antioxidative status, and its mitigating roles against the physiological responses of Nile tilapia exposed a sub-lethal dose of a neonicotinoid agriculture pesticide, namely, as imidacloprid (IMID). Nile tilapia juveniles were fed on diets supplemented with graded AC levels as 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg diet for eight weeks. Growth, hemato-biochemical indices, and antioxidant and immune responses of fish in all groups were evaluated at the end of the feeding experiment. Afterward, fish in all experimental groups were subjected to a sub-lethal dose of IMID (0.0109 μg/L) for two weeks. Then, fish mortalities, stress indicators, and IMID residual levels in liver and flesh were examined. Results of the feeding experiment showed that total feed intake, weight gain, final body weights, and feed efficiency ratio were significantly increased in all AC groups compared with the control group. The survival rate was 100% in all experimental groups. No statistical differences were observed in the hematological picture of all experimental groups except the lymphocyte count, which was significantly increased in all AC groups compared to the control group. Total protein, albumin, globulin, nitric oxide levels, lysozyme, and respiratory burst activities were significantly increased in all AC groups. Serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in all AC groups compared with the AC0 group. After exposure to a sub-lethal dose of IMID, survival rates were significantly elevated, and IMID residual levels in liver and flesh were significantly decreased in all AC groups than in the control group. Moreover, second-order polynomial regression showed that dietary supplementation with 14.30 g AC/kg diet resulted in the lowest blood glucose and serum MDA levels. Conclusively, we suggest dietary supplementation with 14.30 g AC/kg diet to modulate physiological responses of Nile tilapia to sub-lethal IMID toxicity.

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