In the present investigation, ZnO, CuO and Fe2O3 were prepared via green route and utilized for the sequestration of DGY (Direct Golden Yellow) dye. Affecting variables i.e., temperature, contact time, adsorbent dose and pH were optimized for maximum sequestration of dye from aqueous medium. The pH 2, adsorbent dose 0.1 g/50 mL dye solution, temperature 30 °C and 50 mg/L dye initial concentration were best levels for efficient dye adsorption and equilibrium was attained in 30 min reaction time. The dye sequestration on to ZnO, CuO and Fe2O3 was an exothermic process. Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms explained well the dye adsorption onto nanoadsorbents and dye adsorption followed pseudo first order kinetic model. Effect of electrolytes and heavy metal ions was also investigated and both affected the adsorption process significantly. In the presences of surfactant/detergent, the removal of dye was reduced and 0.5 N NaOH efficiently desorbed the dye from nanoadsorbents. Findings depicted that the nanoadsorbents are effectual for the sequestration of DGY dye, which can be employed for the remediation of textile effluents.
Nine aqueous or alcoholic plant extracts and three hive products were offered to 4 th and 5 th instar of imported and local hybrids of silkworm. They were: aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus, Mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen and Baladi), Psidium, Ocimum basilicum, Mint, Budlia asiatica, Lantana camara, and Pollen, Bee Bread, Propolis. The measured or calculated parameters were: initial, final, average larval weight (g) and growth index, silk glands weight and ratio %, weight of cocoons, cocoon's shell and pupae, and cocoon shell ratio %. Concerning imported race of silkworm, feeding with mulberry leaves treated with aqueous extracts leads to significant increment of cocoon shell weight (g) in Eucalyptus, Christ's thorn (Baladi), O. basilicum, mint, pollen and propolis. Insignificant increase in cocoon shell ratio % was noticed in Eucalyptus, Psidium, mint and propolis, while in case of alcoholic extracts, maximum significant shell weight was detected in Christ's thorn (Baladi) treatment, followed by: Eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), Psidium, O. basilicum and mint, with significant differences with control. Insignificant increment in cocoon shell ratio % was noticed in Psidium treatment only. All differences in treatments of imported race were significant with both of aqueous or alcoholic extracts, except cocoon shell ratio %. Concerning local race of silkworm, feeding with mulberry leaves which treated with tested aqueous extracts leads to significant increase in cocoon shell weight (gm) in Eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), B. asiatica, L. camara, and pollen treatments, and insignificant increase in Christ's thorn (Baladi), Psidium, O. basilicum, and mint treatments. General increase in cocoon shell ratio % in all treatments except bee bread and significant differences were detected in Eucalyptus and propolis treatments, while in case of alcoholic extracts significant increase in cocoon shell weight (gm) was found in B. asiatica treatment, followed by: eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), L. camara, pollen and propolis treatments. Insignificant increment in cocoon shell ratio % in propolis, L. camara, B. asiatica, mint and Eucalyptus. For local hybrid of silkworm, no significant differences in alcoholic treatments, were observed, however insignificant increment differences were detected in five treatments. Aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus or propolis increased cocoon shell ratio % in both of tested hybrids. Aqueous or alcoholic extracts of B. asiatica or L. camara increased cocoon shell ratio % in local hybrid. Aqueous extracts increased cocoon shell ratio % in 15 cases, while in case of alcoholic extracts in 6 cases only. The most effective treatments were: Eucalyptus, Psidium and propolis. Using of aqueous extracts was more effective available, and cheap as compared with using alcohol in extraction.
Corrosion inhibitor is a substance added to the corrosive environment in small quantities to reduce the corrosion a metal. The addition of inhibitors will reduce the corrosion rate of the metal by retarding the corrosion process on the metal surface. Thus, this study focused on the study of the effectiveness of 1- butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) ionic liquid as an inhibitor for corrosion protection of mild steel. Two different concentrations of [EMIM]Cl (0.05 M and 0.5 M) were tested into different concentrations of sulphuric acid (0.05M, 0.10 M, 0.15 M, 0.20 M and 0.25 M). Weight loss measurement was used to determine the effectiveness of the [EMIM]Cl as inhibitor for corrosion protection. Results showed that acid concentrations play an important role for the corrosion protection process in the presence of the inhibitor. The weight loss increases as the concentration of the acid increased. The study also revealed that the concentrations of [EMIM]Cl ionic liquid effect the performance of the inhibitor. From this study, 0.5 M of [EMIM]Cl ionic liquid shows better corrosion performance compared to 0.05 M of [EMIM]Cl. At 0.25 M of sulphuric acid, the weight loss of untreated metal increased drastically from 0.0075 g at 0.5 hour to 0.0974 g at 24 hours. After treated with 0.5 M of [EMIM]Cl, the weight loss measurement slightly increased from 0.0027 g at 0.5 hour to 0.0179 g at 24 hours. This weight loss value is lower compared to mild steel treated with 0.05 M [EMIM]Cl which is 0.0469 g at 24 hours. The performance of the inhibitor in two different type of acid was also investigated. The morphology of the untreated mild steel and mild steel treated with [EMIM]Cl was investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM)
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