The efficacy of Agroecosystem Compounds, fipronil, spinosad and chlorantraniliprole as alternatives to the conventional insecticides on the mortality rates and haemolymph protein, lipid and carbohydrate contents were assessed in Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria migratorioides. One day old 5th nymphal instars of each of the mentioned species were treated by various concentrations of tested compounds by the feeding technique. The results indicated that Locusta migratoria migratorioides is more sensitive to all tested insecticides than Schistocerca gregaria. In both species, fipronil was the most effective followed by spinosad, and chlorantraniliprole was the least effective. LC30 concentrations of the three compounds were used to treat the 5th instar hoppers of both species to examine the effects of sub lethal concentrations of the mentioned insecticides on the haemolymph total proteins, total lipids and total carbohydrates. It was found that haemolymph proteins, lipids and carbohydrates contents were dramatically reduced for the treated hoppers when compared to the untreated ones of both species. Malformed hopper and wrinkled winged adult were seen in insects treated by sub lethal concentrations of fipronil and spinosad.
Studies were accomplished to identify the important factors affecting successful virgin queens production in Sohag during 2007 and 2008 years. In order to find out the best teaching for rearing virgin queens by grafting method. Markedly differences in the mean number of virgin queens between single and double grafting methods, specially in spring and autumn seasons; in spring mean number of accepted cells of 43.77 with 37.66 emerged queens and 49.85 with 47.07 emerged queens were obtained when single and double grafting were used methods respectively. Spring season was favorable for queens rearing, followed by autumn and summer, while winter season came the latest. There was a clear relationship between larval age at grafting and the larval acceptance, one day old worker larvae gave the highest number of virgin queens emerged. On the other hand, the queen must be removed outside the hive 48 hrs before starting larval grafting to obtain the highest numbers of accepted queen cells. In general, double grafting, situating the cell cups frame in the hive center of the hive and fitting the cell cups on the top and bottom bar, gave the best method for queens acceptance and queens production. However, cell cups fitted on the edges of the bars were successfully reared when ambient temperatures were high in spring season, but queen cells in the center of the hive's brood nest were correlated with higher temperature and had a greater chance for emergence.
Nine aqueous or alcoholic plant extracts and three hive products were offered to 4 th and 5 th instar of imported and local hybrids of silkworm. They were: aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus, Mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen and Baladi), Psidium, Ocimum basilicum, Mint, Budlia asiatica, Lantana camara, and Pollen, Bee Bread, Propolis. The measured or calculated parameters were: initial, final, average larval weight (g) and growth index, silk glands weight and ratio %, weight of cocoons, cocoon's shell and pupae, and cocoon shell ratio %. Concerning imported race of silkworm, feeding with mulberry leaves treated with aqueous extracts leads to significant increment of cocoon shell weight (g) in Eucalyptus, Christ's thorn (Baladi), O. basilicum, mint, pollen and propolis. Insignificant increase in cocoon shell ratio % was noticed in Eucalyptus, Psidium, mint and propolis, while in case of alcoholic extracts, maximum significant shell weight was detected in Christ's thorn (Baladi) treatment, followed by: Eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), Psidium, O. basilicum and mint, with significant differences with control. Insignificant increment in cocoon shell ratio % was noticed in Psidium treatment only. All differences in treatments of imported race were significant with both of aqueous or alcoholic extracts, except cocoon shell ratio %. Concerning local race of silkworm, feeding with mulberry leaves which treated with tested aqueous extracts leads to significant increase in cocoon shell weight (gm) in Eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), B. asiatica, L. camara, and pollen treatments, and insignificant increase in Christ's thorn (Baladi), Psidium, O. basilicum, and mint treatments. General increase in cocoon shell ratio % in all treatments except bee bread and significant differences were detected in Eucalyptus and propolis treatments, while in case of alcoholic extracts significant increase in cocoon shell weight (gm) was found in B. asiatica treatment, followed by: eucalyptus, mulberry, Christ's thorn (Hozaen), L. camara, pollen and propolis treatments. Insignificant increment in cocoon shell ratio % in propolis, L. camara, B. asiatica, mint and Eucalyptus. For local hybrid of silkworm, no significant differences in alcoholic treatments, were observed, however insignificant increment differences were detected in five treatments. Aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus or propolis increased cocoon shell ratio % in both of tested hybrids. Aqueous or alcoholic extracts of B. asiatica or L. camara increased cocoon shell ratio % in local hybrid. Aqueous extracts increased cocoon shell ratio % in 15 cases, while in case of alcoholic extracts in 6 cases only. The most effective treatments were: Eucalyptus, Psidium and propolis. Using of aqueous extracts was more effective available, and cheap as compared with using alcohol in extraction.
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