The study was performed to find the growth pattern by stem analysis of Korean white pine (Pinus koraiensis) in the Central Northern Region of Korea. One standard tree from each of 16 sites was stemmed and analyzed for the study. For sampled trees, the age range was 16À77 years, diameter at breast height (DBH) was 15.8À44.4 cm, height was 9.3À24.0 m, and stem volume was 0.1002À1.8518 m 3 . The stem volumes by our study had higher values over 40 DBH compared to Korea Forest Research Institute measurements. The bark volume had no particular trend with DBH and height, while bark ratio tended to decrease with DBH and height. The DBH and height curves by age had a concave shape whereas volume curve had a convex shape. The average periodic annual increment (PAI) of DBH was the highest at age 15 (1.0 cm/yr), and the highest value of the mean annual increment (MAI) of DBH was 0.7 cm/yr at age 30. The highest values of PAI and MAI of height were 0.6 m/yr (age 15) and 0.5 m/year (age 25) respectively. The average PAI and MAI of volume continued to increase even after age 75. Growth percentages of DBH, height and volume tended to decrease with age, particularly rapidly at age 20À30. Volume growth percentage was much higher than diameter and height.

No abstract

Background Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is harvested for its edible kernels. It is an important forest tree species, and also plays an important role in afforestation. Successful afforestation activities strongly depend on the quality of seeds and seedlings. Five eastern native populations of stone pine were analyzed, in terms of their geographical and climatic parameters, in order to identify their cone, seed, pine nut, and seedling traits. With this regard, we aimed to contribute to the reforestation, yield, and breeding of this species. Results All native populations occur in the sub-humid bioclimatic zone, according to Emberger’s bioclimatic classification, ranging 74.7–63.2 of Emberger’s Q Index value (Q), which synthesizes humidity and temperature, with lower values indicating more arid conditions. With regard to geographical factors, altitude was found to have the greatest effect on cone diameter and seed weight, while there was a weak correlation of cone, seed, and pine nut dimension with longitude and latitude. In terms of climatic factors, Q and mean of the maximum temperature of June, July, and August (ME) were found to be the main drivers behind significant effects in cone, seed, and pine nut morphometric traits. The most negative effect on seed number cone−1 (r: − 0.897), pine nut number cone−1 (r: − 0.923), pine nut yield (r: − 0.903), and pine nut weight (r: − 0.878) was Q, whereas cone diameter, seed length, and seed weight were positively correlated with the ME (r: 0.939, r: 0.889, and r: 0.866, respectively). Cone and seed diameter and seed weight increased with decreasing summer drought index (r: − 0.806, r: − 0.846, and r: − 0.866, respectively). Rainfall in the June of the third year prior to harvest time (RJ) had a negative effect on the percentage of sound seeds per cone. Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time (AR) significantly affected pine nut weight (r: 0.889), although rainfall during summer had a negative effect. The empty seed ratio of the different populations ranged from 20 to 68%, while considering all populations, the empty seed ratio was 46%. Conclusions The study suggests that the Q Index and ME should be taken into account to determine cone to pine nut yield. With this regard, plantations of stone pine should be established on sub-humid areas and Q values should not exceed 75.

Industrial plantations have substantially reduced the pressure on natural forests. There are approximately 80.000 hectares of industrial plantations, established with fast growing coniferous species, 77.000 hectares of which are maritime pine plantations in Turkey. Furthermore, approximately 16.000 hectares of maritime pine plantations, which amount to about 20 percent of all maritime pine plantations in Turkey, occur in Istanbul. The aim of this study is to determine the silvicultural characterictics and individual tree growth pattern of martimie pine plantations owing in different site-index located in Anatolian (Kanlıca, Byekoz, Sultanbeyli and Şile-Sahilköy) and European (Bahçeköy-Bentler, Arnavutköy and Terkos-Durusu) Istanbul. In order to determine required silvicultural treatments, all the trees' live crown ratios (CR) were calculated and categorized with respect to CR ≤ 0.30, 0.31-0.40 and 41 ≤ CR. The minimum and maximum recorded values for the trees' age, DBH, height and stem volume were found in the range of 22-50 years, 26.6-46.8 cm, 14.0-23.0 m and 0.5150-1.8560 m 3 respectively. The results revealed that sampled trees reached to mean breast height of 1.30 m at the age of 4 years in Kanlıca, Sultanbeyli, Şile-Sahilköy, Terkos-Durusu and Arnavutköy whereas the ones in Beykoz and Bahçeköy-Bentler reached the same height at the age of 3 years. According to these results, tending during the thicket stages of trees within these areas is completed at 3 to 4 years of age. In order to take advantage of the fast growing attributes of maritime pine which was found to grow fast within first 10 years, the first thinning should commence at the age of 11-12 years; thereafter, the second thinning should commence at the age of 18-20 years; finally, the final cut should be performed when the plantation is approximately 30 years of age. If rotation age is considered 40 years, the third thinning should commence at the age of 30 years.Keywords: Growth-increment pattern, fast growing species, industrial plantation, thinning age, live crown ratio. İstanbul Bölgesi'ndeki Sahilçamı (Pinus pinaster) plantasyonlarının silvikültürel yönden incelenmesiÖzet: Odun hammaddesi talebinin, hızlı gelişen türlerle oluşturulan plantasyonlardan karşılanması doğal ormanlarımız üzerindeki baskıyı da azaltacaktır. Türkiye genelinde 80 bin hektarı aşan hızlı gelişen iğne yapraklı tür plantasyonlarının yaklaşık 77 bin hektarı sahilçamı plantasyonlarından oluşmaktadır. Bunun yaklaşık 16 bin hektarı (%20) ise İstanbul Bölgesi'nde bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Anadolu (Kanlıca, Beykoz, Sultanbeyli ve Şile-Sahilköy) ve Avrupa (Bahçeköy-Bentler, Arnavutköy ve Terkos-Durusu) yakasındaki sahilçamı plantasyonlarının silvikültürel özelliklerinin saptanması ve büyüme performanslarının tek ağaç bazında belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Örnek alanlar için uygulanacak özel silvikültürel tedbirlerin belirlenmesi için bireylerin canlı tepe oranları (TO) hesaplanmış ve TO ≤ 0,30; 0,31-0,40 ve 41 ≤ TO' ya göre kategorize edilmiştir. Örnek ağaçların yaş, g...

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract