A sensor system for measurement of pressure and shear at the lower limb residuum/socket interface is described. The system comprises of a flexible sensor unit and a data acquisition unit with wireless data transmission capability. Static and dynamic performance of the sensor system was characterised using a mechanical test machine. The static calibration results suggest that the developed sensor system presents high linearity (linearity error ≤3.8%) and resolution (0.9kpa for pressure and 0.2kpa for shear). Dynamic characterisation of the sensor system shows hysteresis error of approximately 15% for pressure and 8% for shear. Subsequently, a pilot amputee walking test was conducted. Three sensors were placed at the residuum/socket interface of a knee disarticulation amputee and simultaneous measurements were obtained during pilot amputee walking test. The pressure and shear peak values as well as their temporal profiles are presented and discussed. * Corresponding Author: Piotr Laszczak, Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK; Email, P.Laszczak@soton.ac.uk; Phone, 07513362435
Preprint submitted to Medical Engineering and PhysicsMarch 1, 2016In particular, peak pressure and shear of approximately 58kPa and 27kPa, respectively, were recorded. Their temporal profiles also provide dynamic coupling information at this critical residuum/socket interface. These preliminary amputee test results suggest strong potential of the developed sensor system for exploitation as an assistive technology to facilitate socket design, socket fit and effective monitoring of lower limb residuum health.Abstract word count: 200
Introduction
Asymmetrical limb loading is believed to cause health problems for lower limb
amputees and is exacerbated when walking on slopes. Hydraulically damped
ankle-feet improve ground compliance on slopes compared to conventional
prosthetic feet. Microprocessor-controlled hydraulic ankle-feet provide
further adaptation by dynamically adjusting viscoelastic damping
properties.
Method
Using a case series design, gait analysis was performed with four
trans-tibial amputees. There were two walking conditions (ramp ascent and
descent) and two prosthetic foot conditions (microprocessor-control on and
off – MPF-on and MPF-off). Total support moment integral (
) and degree-of-asymmetry were compared across foot
conditions.
Results
During ramp descent, the transition of prosthetic ankle moment from
dorsiflexion to plantarflexion occurred earlier in stance phase with MPF-on,
slowing the angular velocity of the shank. During ramp ascent, the MPF-on
dorsiflexion/plantarflexion moment transition occurred later, meaning less
resistance to shank rotation in early stance and increasing walking speed by
up to 6%. For both slope conditions, sound limb
was universally decreased with MPF-on (4–13% descent,
3–11% ascent).
Discussion
Microprocessor-control of hydraulic ankle-feet reduced the total loading of
the sound limb joints, for both walking conditions, for all participants.
This may have beneficial consequences for long-term joint health and walking
efficiency.
Introduction
Trans-femoral amputees are at risk of musculoskeletal problems that are in
part caused by loading asymmetry during activities, such as prolonged
standing, particularly on uneven or sloped ground.
Methods
Four prosthetic conditions were tested; microprocessor knee ‘standing
support’ mode activated (ON) and deactivated (OFF), combined with a rigidly
attached foot (RA) and with an articulating, hydraulic ankle-foot (HA). Five
trans-femoral amputees and five able-bodied controls were measured using a
motion capture system and a force plate while standing, facing down a 5°
slope. Ground reaction force distributions and centre-of-pressure
root-mean-square (COP RMS) were calculated as outcome measures.
Results
Compensatory kinematic adjustments were observed for RA conditions but not
for HA conditions. HA-OFF reduced ground reaction force degree-of-asymmetry
for all five amputees, compared to RA-OFF. RA-ON reduced ground reaction
force degree-of-asymmetry for four amputees, compared to RA-OFF. In terms of
balance, the HA conditions reduced the mean inter-limb COP RMS by 24–25%
compared to equivalent RA conditions, while ON conditions reduced it by
9–11%, compared to equivalent OFF conditions.
Conclusions
It is important to consider both prosthetic knee and ankle technologies when
prescribing devices to trans-femoral amputees. The combination of hydraulic
ankle and knee standing support technologies produced outcomes closest to
normal biomechanics.
Suitable lower-limb prosthetic sockets must provide an adequate distribution of the pressures created from standing and ambulation. A systematic search for articles reporting socket pressure changes in response to device alignment perturbation was carried out, identifying 11 studies. These were then evaluated using the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists guidelines for a state-of-the-science review. Each study used a design where participants acted as their own controls. Results were available for 52 individuals and five forms of alignment perturbation. Four studies were rated as having moderate internal and external validity, the remainder were considered to have low validity. Significant limitations in study design, reporting quality and in representation of results and the suitability of calculations of statistical significance were evident across articles. Despite the high inhomogeneity of study designs, moderate evidence supports repeatable changes in pressure distribution for specific induced changes in component alignment. However, there also appears to be a significant individual component to alignment responses. Future studies should aim to include greater detail in the presentation of results to better support later meta-analyses.
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