Background Acne is one of the skin diseases that include abnormalities in the production of sebum, changes in the microbial flora, abnormal keratinization, and inflammation. Adapalene is a good choice in the treatment of acne with fewer side effects and high effectiveness. However, the absorption of adapalene through human skin is low. We investigated the effect of several enhancers on the skin absorption of adapalene. Methods For the preparation of a topical formulation, this drug needs proper skin absorption. Therefore, to increase the effect of chemical absorption of the Adapalene skin permeability, it should first be put on the skin in a touch of some absorption like Eucalyptus, Urea, Clove oil, propylene glycol, and oleic acid for 1 and 2 hours and was then examined for the passing of the drug on the treated skin and for the effect of absorptions by calculating of the permeability parameters using DSC and FT‐IR techniques. Result and Conclusion The results show that the enhancers used increased the permeability of the drug adapalene to water. Several mechanisms including lipid liquefaction, degradation of the fat structure, as well as irreversible denaturation of intracellular creatine caused by Eucalyptus, urea clove oil, PG, and oleic acid are the main mechanisms of drug penetration. Based on the results, it was found that among the enhancers studied, eucalyptus and urea had the highest and the lowest absorption effect in 2‐ and 1‐hour pre‐contact, respectively.
Background: Shampoos remove fat and pus from the skin and hair. The most critical part of these products is their cleansing properties; therefore, the amount of shampoo cleanser plays an essential role in consumer acceptance. Aim: The production of herbal shampoos from root saponins in Hawthorn can lead to the removal of these substances from shampoos. Squarrosum is one of the 23 Acanthophyllum species that is native to Iran. The root of this plant has been used traditionally as a consumption detergent due to the presence of saponins. Method: To make the shampoo, saponins were extracted through several steps by a solvent after Acanthophyllum squarrosum scientific specimens had been prepared and identified The shampoo's fatigue strength was tested using the Ross-Miles method, and its cleansing power was assessed using Thompson's test. Results: The optimum formula with 15% total saponins content was evaluated. Conclusion: This liquid shampoo has an excellent cleansing effect, is suitable for regular hair; has pseudoplastic rheology; and has acceptable pH, surface tension, and organoleptic stability characteristics.
Purpose: Finasteride is a pharmaceutical agent that treats hair loss and acne with hormonal patterns. Due to its poor water solubility, and the smaller surface area in comparison to total skin surface area, penetration of the drug into hair follicles and skin is low. The aim of this research was to formulate, characterize and evaluate in vitro skin permeability of finasteride microemulsions (MEs). Methods: Finasteride MEs were prepared using a pseudo-ternary phase diagram method with an appropriate ratio of oil mixture, surfactant-co-surfactant mixture and water. MEs containing 1% finasteride were prepared with a suitable amount of oily phase and surfactant and cosurfactant. The physicochemical properties of these MEs and in vitro skin permeability of MEs were evaluated. Results: The results showed that the mean droplet size range of ME samples was 5–17 nm and pH was 5.1–5.7. The viscosity of MEs ranged from 86.4–209.6 cps. The drug release profile showed that 49.510% of the drug was released (ME-F-6) over the 24 hours of the experiment. The kinetics of drug release from all selected MEs were approximately described by Higuchi and first-order modeling. All ME formulations with different compositions and properties significantly increased flux and permeability coefficient from rat skin. The selected MEs exhibit 99.9% finasteride after six months of storage. Conclusion: This study showed that any change in the content and composition of MEs could change the physical and chemical properties in addition to ME permeability parameters. The MEs increased permeability of the skin to finasteride.
Background: This study aimed to examine the uptake of the model therapeutic agent, minoxidil, through the skin, under the influence of different vehicles. Therefore, the effect of different penetration enhancers such as Propylene glycol, water, ethanol, transcutol P, caprylic acid, and Isopropyl alcohol were evaluated on skin permeability of minoxidil through rat skin. Methods: The skin permeability of minoxidil on rat skin was analyzed through a Franz cell by evaluating the parameters, including Jss, ERflux, ERD, and ERp. The enhancement mechanisms were studied by comparing FT-IR peak intensities for asymmetric and symmetric C-H stretching, ester C=O stretching, and Amide peaks. The mean transition temperature (Tm) and their enthalpies (ΔH) were investigated by the DSC technique. Results: Caprylic acid had the highest diffusion coefficient enhancement ratio (ERD), followed by propylene glycol and water. All solvents have ERD flux enhancement ratio. Solubility in the stratum corneum limited partitioning. All carriers enhanced drug permeability from rat skin, according to FTIR and DSC. Conclusions: Caprylic acid is an effective topical vehicle for minoxidil due to greater partitioning and diffusion through rat skin.
Background: Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication for treating fever, discomfort, and inflammation. In addition, Piroxicam inhibits cyclooxygenase and lowers prostaglandin synthesis, resulting in analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Objectives: This study used Franz diffusion cells made from rat skin primed with sesame, eucalyptus, olive, menthol, clove, and sunflower oils. Methods: Control was hydrated rat skin. Permeability measurements include steady-state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp), and diffusion coefficient (D). FT-IR was used to compare changes in peak position, DSC, mean transition temperature, and the permeability enhancement methods of the penetration enhancer (Tm). The skin acted as a barrier to Piroxicam permeability throughout the whole surface, indicating that drug flux was limited by diffusion into the skin. Results: The steady-state flux (Jss) of all penetration enhancers were not significantly different from control, except for clove and menthol oil (4 hours treated) and olive oil (2 and 4 hours treated). Conclusions: Penetration enhancers improved drug permeability through rat skin. Sesame oil, Menthol oil, and Sesame oil were found to have higher ERflux, ERD, and ERP ratios than water-hydrated skin due to lipid fluidization, lipid structure disruption, and irreversible keratin denaturation.
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