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Hypertrophic scarring is a dermal disorder resulting from collagen and other extra cellular matrix protein depositions following the deep trauma, severe burn injury, and surgery incisions. A variety of therapeutic procedures are currently available, however, achieving an ideal treatment method remains a challenge. In our recently published report, a 3D bilayered decellularized human amniotic membrane/electrospun silk fibroin membrane was fabricated and characterized for regenerative medical applications. To obtain a solid bind between two layers, the samples were immersed in 70% ethanol. In this study, the effects of amniotic membrane/electrospun silk fibroin on minimizing the postinjury hypertrophic scar formation were determined in the rabbit ear model. In vivo experiments were carried out to assess the bilayer membrane characteristics on full thickness hypertrophic scar at days 28 and 50 postimplantations. A significant decrease in collagen deposition and expression and increased expression and deposition of MMP1 in the wound bed were observed on the wounds dressed with bilayered membrane when compared to the amniotic membrane alone and controls (wound with no implant). The current study shows that our fabricated construct has potential as an efficient antiscarring wound dressing material and may also serve for the subsequent soft tissue engineering needs.

According to a World Health Organization (WHO) estimation, over 10 million patients suffer from visual impairments and vision loss annually due to corneal diseases or injuries. [6,8] The corneal response to injury involves a highly complicated cascade of events that comprises cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, proliferation, death, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling mediated by immunomodulators and growth factors. [9,10] Conserving the corneal transparency is critical for visual perception. Therefore, any destruction that affects its integrity caused by diseases or trauma like bullous keratopathy, keratoconus, and scarring can lead to blurred eyesight and eventually blindness. [4,11,12] Among all the therapeutic modalities that contributed to corneal irreversible damages including drug and gene therapy and surgical techniques, the keratoplasty with a human donor has offered the best clinical outcome with an 80% rate of success. [2,11,13] However, despite a high success rate, increasing demands for donor tissue and graft rejection due to severe immune response of the hosts are considered as the major reasons for developing an alternative to this procedure. [6,11,13,14] Cell therapies in combination with 3D biocompatible scaffolds have the great potential to replace donor tissue for transplantation or improve wound healing. [15] The potential of cell therapy in corneal wound healing has previously been discussed. [16] 3D scaffolds can mimic the composition and structure of the cornea and

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Recently, advanced biomaterial-based wound dressing due to bioactive properties have been considered and it has shown promising results. In this research, we prepared and improved an antibacterial silk fibroin/gelatin (SF/Gel) bilayer sponge scaffold loaded with various concentrations of a cationic antimicrobial peptide (CM11 peptide) as wound dressing for skin and soft tissue infections. The fabricated AMP-loaded SF/Gel sponge was completely designed and compared to the neat SF/Gel sponge in vitro. Then, the release behavior of various concentrations of peptide (8, 16, and 32 µg/ml) from the peptide-loaded SF/Gel sponge was analyzed. Eventually, according to cytotoxic activity, the antibacterial effect of scaffolds containing 8 and 16 µg/ml of the peptide was assessed against standard and multi-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients. The SF/Gel sponge loaded with peptide exhibited suitable mechanical attributes, high water uptake, optimum biodegradation rate, and a controlled release without cytotoxicity on Hu02 human foreskin fibroblast cells at the 8 and 16 µg/ml concentrations of peptide. The SF/Gel sponge including 16 µg/ml peptide represented a significant antibacterial effect against all strains. The results indicated that the antimicrobial modified sponge could be considered as a candidate to apply as a wound dressing.

Wound infections are still problematic in many cases and demand new alternatives for current treatment strategies. In recent years, biomaterials-based wound dressings have received much attention due to their potentials and many studies have been performed based on them. Accordingly, in this study, we fabricated and optimized an antibacterial chitosan/silk fibroin (CS/SF) electrospun nanofiber bilayer containing different concentrations of a cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) for wound dressing applications. The fabricated CS/SF nanofiber was fully characterized and compared to the electrospun silk fibroin and electrospun chitosan alone in vitro. Then, the release rate of different concentrations of peptide (16, 32, and 64 µg/ml) from peptide-loaded CS/SF nanofiber was investigated. Finally, based on cytotoxic activity, the antibacterial activity of scaffolds containing 16 and 32 µg/ml of the peptide was evaluated against standard and multi-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients. The peptide-loaded CS/SF nanofiber displayed appropriate mechanical properties, high water uptake, suitable biodegradation rate, a controlled release without cytotoxicity on Hu02 human foreskin fibroblast cells at the 16 and 32 µg/ml concentrations of peptide. The optimized CS/SF containing 32 μg/ml peptide showed strong antibacterial activity against all experimental strains from standard to resistance. The results showed that the fabricated antimicrobial nanofiber has the potential to be applied as a wound dressing for infected wound healing, although further studies are needed in vivo.