The coronavirus pandemic of 2019 has already exerted an enormous impact. For over a year, the worldwide pandemic has ravaged the whole globe, with approximately 250 million verified human infection cases and a mortality rate surpassing 4 million. While the genetic makeup of the related pathogen (SARS-CoV-2) was identified, many unknown facets remain a mystery, comprising the virus’s origin and evolutionary trend. There were many rumors that SARS-CoV-2 was human-borne and its evolution was predicted many years ago, but scientific investigation proved them wrong and concluded that bats might be the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and pangolins act as intermediary species to transmit the virus from bats to humans. Airborne droplets were found to be the leading cause of human-to-human transmission of this virus, but later studies showed that contaminated surfaces and other environmental factors are also involved in its transmission. The evolution of different SARS-CoV-2 variants worsens the condition and has become a challenge to overcome this pandemic. The emergence of COVID-19 is still a mystery, and scientists are unable to explain the exact origin of SARS-CoV-2. This review sheds light on the possible origin of SARS-CoV-2, its transmission, and the key factors that worsen the situation.
Pakistan is an agricultural Country having diverse types of soil and irrigation system. Punjab being the most productive province contributes 69% of total land area for agriculture. Faisalabad is one of the most productive regions of Punjab sharing 3985 hectares for cropland usage. Agriculture sector besides providing food and employment also provides a shelter for insect fauna. Lepidoptera, which includes butterflies, moths and skippers, is the second largest order of insects having more than 180 thousand species. Diversity of lepidopteran fauna is largely influenced by availability and type of floral diversity. These lepidopterans act as pest and pollinators at same time. During present study diversity, relative abundance, richness and temporal distribution of lepidopteran fauna (larvae + adult) was explored from four selected crops namely wheat, sugarcane, fodder and vegetables by using quadrat and sweep net and pitfall methods from May 2019 to April 2020. Specimens were collected and identified by using different identification keys at Department of Agri-Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Results showed that Noctuidae family was abundantly distributed (43.27%). Most abundant species was Pieris brassicae with 10.97% relative abundance. Quadrat method was proved to be good method for collection of lepidoptera with 76.79% relative abundance. Autumn season was found most favorable in regards for species distribution and abundance (43.98%). Significant results (p-value < 0.05) were found from all selected crops and seasons. Species richness (H’) was highest in fodder (2.6396) during autumn (2.73). Inshort, lepidoptera diversity, occurrence, richness and relative abundance depends upon cropland ecosystem and environmental conditions.
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