The increasing emissions created by the large-scaled number of automobiles around the world pose severe threats to modern life by causing global warming issues and deteriorating air quality. These serious issues stimulate the essential demand for cleaner, safer, and more efficient vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Unlike other studies on the charging technologies of BEVs, this paper gives a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the charging technologies available for BEVs: wired charging and wireless charging technologies. First, the wired charging technologies are systematically classified into AC charging (indirect charging) and DC charging (direct charging) methods based on how the BEVs batteries are fed from the grid. Next, the configurations and commonly used topologies of wireless charging technologies for BEVs are thoroughly discussed. The leading institutes/companies driving advancements in both technologies are also acknowledged. Finally, this paper extensively highlights the recent and future research trends along with the industrial applications. INDEX TERMS AC charging, battery electric vehicles (BEVs), DC charging, off-board charger, on-board charger (OBC), wired charging, wireless charging.

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This paper proposes a theoretical and experimental implementation of an advanced sliding mode control (SMC) for a three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI) to achieve robustness against the unknown uncertainties of an LC filter. The significant contributions of the proposed SMC are summarized as considerations for the matched and mismatched uncertainties of the LC filter, more relaxed normbounds, dynamic characterization of sliding surface, and unique stability analysis. Unlike the conventional SMC techniques with matched uncertainties, the mismatched uncertainties in the state matrix are taken for the design of the proposed SMC. Also, the relaxed norm-bound designed for matched and mismatched uncertainties allows a wide range of variations in the values of LC filter. The voltage tracking errors are significantly reduced and the total harmonic distortions (THDs) are highly suppressed by characterizing the sliding surface in terms of flexible linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Next, the stability analysis and reachability conditions are given using the Lyapunov criterion. The authenticity of the proposed SMC method is proved by TMS320LF28335 DSP based experimental results with a prototype 1-kVA test-bed. The comparative experimental results and analysis for the proposed SMC scheme, the conventional SMC scheme, and the conventional PI−PI control scheme are presented under the load step change, unbalanced load, and non-linear load step change with the parameter uncertainties to demonstrate the excellent performance of the proposed controller such as fast transient response, small steady-state error, and low THD.INDEX TERMS Parameter uncertainties, sliding mode control (SMC), three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), total harmonic distortion (THD).