ported that moisture content represents an accurate indicator of PM for soybean. Formation of a black layer The ability to identify physiological (PM) and harvest maturity at the base of kernels (Daynard and Duncan, 1969; (HM) of canola (Brassica napus L.) by phenological characteristics Carter and Poneleit, 1973) and/or progression of the would permit timely harvest to avoid problems of both under-and overripe pods. This study was conducted to identify PM and HM milk line (Afuakwa and Crookston, 1984) have been of six winter and spring canola cultivars using morphological and suggested as reliable indicators of PM in corn (Zea mays physiological markers including seed and pod color, seed dry weight L.). Black layer formation in the placental area of the (DWT), seed moisture content (SMC), and to measure seed quality seed was reported to be a good indicator of PM in (germination and vigor) at PM and HM. Pods and seeds from each sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] (Eastin et al., cultivar were sampled at weekly intervals from pod formation until 1973). Because quick field estimation of PM from physi-HM. Standard germination, accelerated aging, and cold tests were ological measurements such as seed dry weight or moisconducted to assess seed quality. Canola attained PM when pods ture content is somewhat difficult, methods for deturned from green to greenish-yellow or light brown, and contained termining PM in canola based on morphological seeds ranging from brownish green to greenish brown and light brown.indicators are needed.The seeds were firm. Seed DWT did not change significantly from PM to HM. Seed MC at maximum DWT ranged from 203 to 360 g Four winter canola cultivars, Cascade, Crystal, Glacier, and Lirabon, and two spring cultivars, Topas and Westar, were
Genetic distance among canola cultivars was estimated through multivariate analysis. Thirty cultivars from various sources were analyzed and clustered based upon five morphological characteristics and yield components-crown diameter, number of branches plant(-1), number of pods plant(-1), number of seeds pod(-1) and yield plant(-1) -and placed in three distinct clusters. Two cultivars from each cluster were selected as parents and 15 partial-diallel inter- and intra-cluster crosses were made between the six selected parents and evaluated at two locations in Michigan in 1990/1991. The association between genetic distance and mid-parent heterosis was investigated. The correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was positive and highly significant for seed yield, number of pods plant(-1), and number of seeds pod(-1). Clustering, based on yield and yield-component traits, demonstrated that inter-cluster heterosis was greater than intra-cluster heterosis in the majority of cases.
In this study, aqueous spinach extract was used for the green synthesis of iron nanoparticles. The surface of iron oxide nanoparticles was coated with spermine. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were investigated using UV-Vis, TGA, FTIR, VSM, TEM, and DLS. The results showed that the nanoparticles had a spherical structure. The surface charge of the Fe3O4-NPs increased from −3.2 to 18.42 (mV) after Fe3O4 coating by spermine. In order to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on physicochemical properties of rosemary under drought stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the amount of antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites increased significantly under drought stress. Moreover, the use of spermine-coated iron nanoparticles can be useful in increasing resistance to drought stress in plants by increasing the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites. The biocompatibility of Nanoparticles in cell suspension was investigated. the ability of Fe3O4-SM NPs to interact with DNA and protect it against DNaseI and ultrasonic waves using agarose gel electrophoresis was studied. The ability of Fe3O4-SM to neutralize the negative charge of DNA and protect it against DNaseΙ and ultrasonic waves was confirmed using an agarose gel electrophoresis assay.
Currently, the standard germination test (SGT) is the official test for evaluating seed viability in seed testing laboratories around the world. The SGT takes 3 to 4 wk to complete for most grasses, including the dormancy breaking treatment period. The tetrazolium test (TZT), however, offers quick viability determination within 24 to 48 h, even for dormant seeds. This study was conducted to compare SGT and TZT results for tall fescue (TF), annual and perennial ryegrass (ARG and PRG), orchardgrass (OG), bentgrass (BG), Kentucky bluegrass (KBG), and fine fescues (FF). A total of 3432 samples representing the seven species were evaluated for viability by SGT and TZT during 2009 to 2013 at the Oregon State University Seed Laboratory (OSUSL). According to the germination tolerance table of the Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA), both SGT and TZT results were within tolerance in 94.2% of TF samples, 95.2% of ARG samples, 90.4% of PRG samples, 93.7% of OG samples, 90.8% of FF samples, 83.9% of BG samples, and 42.4% of KBG samples. Dormancy was the main reason for higher viability by TZT results than by SGT in the same sample, causing the two test results to be out‐of‐tolerance. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the TZT can be used as an alternative viability test to the SGT for TF, ARG, PRG, OG, FF, and possibly for BG. However, the KBG has higher levels of dormancy, which brings the SGT below the TZT results, especially for freshly harvested seeds.
The use of high quality seeds is one of the most important elements in increasing agricultural production in any farming system. This element has become more crucial than ever for providing enough food security for the rising number of people in the world, which is expected to exceed nine billions by year 2050. Selecting high yielding varieties adapted to the area of production, with disease, insect, lodging, and shattering resistance, along with other desirable characteristics are basic keys for satisfactory crop performance and yield. The production of high quality seed is the cornerstone of any successful agriculture program. It is also a good marketing tool for increasing the potential sale of crops, especially in today's competitive market.
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